Market Economy Government Regulation and Intervention

Question: Talk about the Market Economy for Government Regulation and Intervention. Answer: An: Adam Smith is worried about the market economy. As indicated by him, imperceptible hand works over the span of market economy and for the productive working of the market there would be no requirement for the administration guideline and mediation. Be that as it may on the off chance that we need to take a gander at the market economy, we have to comprehend the innate market structure and market structure varies relying upon the merchandise and enterprises the market is exchanging. There are four kinds of market structure flawless rivalry, imposing business model, monopolistic rivalry and oligopoly. These four market structures have various attributes and based on these highlights we can separate among various kinds of market. In reality situation, impeccable rivalry and syndication are the two limits and we infrequently can see such market structures. Anyway monopolistic serious and oligopolistic advertise structures are basic in the economy. Immaculate Competition: We will begin with the totally serious market. Entirely serious market has certain highlights like there are bigger number of purchasers and venders in this market. Purchasers and venders have total data with respect to item and costs. The enormous number of purchasers and venders imply that solitary purchaser or dealer is immaterial in the market and every merchant has exceptionally limited quantity of piece of the pie. This part of market structure signifies that a solitary vender doesn't have any effect on advertise cost and he can't change the market cost to accomplish higher piece of the pie or to gain higher benefit. Another angle behind the given market cost is that every dealer produces normalized item and for reason it is unthinkable for every vender to impact the market cost. Every vender needs to acknowledge the market value that is controlled by the association of market flexibly and showcase request. Thus every vender and purchaser is value taker.Hence H Another element of entirely serious market is that there is no boundary to passage or exit into the market that implies there is free section and leave office for each firm into the market. Case of entirely serious market: One of the most significant case of entirely serious market is wheat and corn showcase. In this market the ranchers can't separate regarding item quality and thus last item is normalized. There are huge number of ranchers and purchasers in the rural market and therefore one single rancher or customer can't influence the cost of item. Henceforth every rancher is value taker and he needs to sell its item at the market cost. The ranchers have the alternative of free exit and passage from the corn or wheat advertise contingent upon the benefit or misfortune. On the off chance that in the short run they bring about benefit, over the long haul there will be passage of different firms while in the event of short run misfortunes, there will be exit of ranchers over the long haul. As the ranchers are value taker, they need to sell their item at showcase decided cost and consequently corn or wheat advertise has level or completely versatile interest bend. As there is huge number of alternative for corn or wheat, the purchasers have great number of substitutes (as every rancher sell same corn or wheat) and hence the interest bend of each firm is totally versatile. Restraining infrastructure: Restraining infrastructure is a market structure where we can see the development of single dealer in the business. Subsequently in the event of restraining infrastructure advertise gracefully and the flexibly of firm is same as the business comprises of the single firm. Restraining infrastructure firm is given the administration security. The administration thinks about that it would be cost proficient for on single firm to serve the whole market and the legislature additionally thinks about that the huge imposing business model firm will have the option to make sure about economies of scale (bigger creation will lessen normal expense of creation) in the long run and they will likewise attempt innovative work exercises. Considering every one of these angles the legislature gives imposing business model status to a firm so proficiency of the market can be achieved and buyers can be profited by lower costs and great quality item or administration. Consequently government gives charge exception and control the restraining infrastructure showcase so no contender can go into the market. Henceforth in the event of restraining infrastructure advertise structure there is severe obstructions to passage and with no opposition the imposing business model firm can serve the market to procure more elevated level of benefit. Anyway more often than not it very well may be seen that the restraining infrastructure firm isn't satisfying its responsibility to the general public and produce lower yield and charge more significant expenses to fulfill its benefit expansion rules. Consequently the syndication firm faces descending slanting interest bend. Case of imposing business model firm: One genuine case of imposing business model firm is US postal administrations. As per nineteenth century law it is illicit for some other organization of firm to convey letters and the sole authority of conveying letters had been given to US postal administrations. Anyway it very well may be seen that US postal assistance convey letters at least cost of $3 and it tends to be said that if privately owned businesses and contenders will be available in the market, the buyers can convey letters at much lower cost. US postal administrations have been absolved from state and bureaucratic expenses and there are a quantities of government guidelines with the goal that US postal assistance can be without contenders. Anyway in 2002 it very well may be seen that monetary shortfall of the postal help is of $4.5 billion and that lead the administration to think about overwhelming a few guidelines on postal division to improve its effectiveness (US Postal Service: A Government Protected Monopoly | Capitalism Magazine, 2016). Monopolistic rivalry: The other market structure is monopolistically serious market. In this market structure we can see that there are enormous quantities of little estimated firms. One of the significant part of this market structure is that each firm attempts to get certain separation its item so that based on this item separation it can charge some unique cost and can improve its piece of the pie and benefit in the business. The item separation and capacity to impact the market value lead to descending inclining request bend for these organizations. The firm receives promotion battle to build their piece of the overall industry and benefit. This industry has low boundaries to section and exit into the business and relying on benefit and misfortune passage and exit can occur over the long haul. Case of monopolistically serious firm: Starbucks and McDonald are under monopolistically serious industry. Indeed the inexpensive food industry has a place with this monopolistically serious market structure. There are bigger number of firms in this cheap food industry like star buck, McDonald, KFC, Pizza Hut, Burger King and others. They procure little piece of the pie and delivers and sells comparable item. Anyway these organizations have embraced various techniques to carry item separation so that with it, they can draw in bigger client base. Like McDonald have as of late received exceptional breakfast menus to bring some new investigate its menu. This system has been publicized to a great extent with the goal that its piece of the pie can improve. In this inexpensive food industry we can see firms can enter and exit into the market effectively and there is no such exacting hindrances for passage and exit (Starbucks or McDonald's? - Econlife, 2010). Oligopoly: Another market structure is oligopolistic showcase. In this market structure we can see that there are not many firms in the business and they get bigger piece of the overall industry. As there is hardly any huge firms and each firm acquire significant expense of creation to stay in the business, obstruction to section in the business is high and new firm needs to confront huge hindrance to passage into the business. The item that the market serves in normalized and interesting in nature. The most significant viewpoint that we can see in this industry is that reliance among existing firms. As there are scarcely any huge firms, one firms evaluating or amount procedure influence different firms. We can say that on the off chance that one firm decreases its cost, different firms additionally diminishes their cost; anyway ascend in cost won't be coordinated by different firms as for this situation value rise will result to bring down measure of benefit. Anyway in this oligopolistic indus try, existing firms can appreciate restraining infrastructure benefit in the event that they choose to plot that implies on the off chance that they on the whole choose how much yield to deliver and what cost to charge for their item. Case of oligopolistic advertise: US carrier industry is a case of oligopolistic advertise. Boeing and Airbus are two well known carrier firms in the US aircraft industry. These two firms face hardened rivalry for quite a long time as they flexibly fixed yield as far as number of airservices and rare airplane orders. This opposition likewise relies upon their key conduct upon choosing cost and amount and nature of administration. They secure huge piece of the overall industry and procure higher benefit. Tremendous introductory and continuous speculation by these two firms lead new contestants to dissuade their entrance into the business (Cook, 2008). b: Externality emerges when the activity of someone effectsly affects the government assistance of third individual (who isn't related with the activity). Negative externality emerges when the activity of one gathering forces cost on the government assistance of other gathering. During the period of negative externality we can see that social expense is more noteworthy than private expense and with no administration mediation the gathering who makes negative externality doesn't remunerate the general public for the social expense. Henceforth within the sight of negative externality we can see that the externality isn't disguised and showcase yield is more noteworthy than socially productive degree of yield. In the above figure we can see case of negative externality. In the economy advertise balance level of yield gets equivalent to social productive degree of yield when the when there I

I need a research proposal that is related to nursing

I need a that is identified with nursing - Research Proposal Example 5 arrangement of 2008, setting new approaches/norms and expanding Bachelor of Nursing to a 5-year course from its past 4-year program. Drawing from view of graduates when the CHED Memo NO. 5 ( School Years 2005-2010), the qualities and shortcomings of the old educational plan (SY2005-2009) and the new (SY 2009-2010) can be surveyed (Simbulan, p.1). The proposed investigation will assemble information on view of CEU College of Nursing graduates, who finished the Nursing board assessment, and have been utilized as expert medical attendants in the nation or abroad. Their assessments will be drawn from their long periods of training, however the genuine utilization of their insight, skill, and promise to the calling. Assessment look into will be applied to decide if the CHED social intercession delivered the planned outcomes, utilizing the technique for review and meeting of respondents drawn haphazardly from the rundown of rehearsing CEU nursing graduate-experts. Reaction factors compri se in the pertinence and viability of (a) the necessary general instruction subjects (b) hypothetical establishment and basics of nursing practice, and (c) apprenticeship program. Overview instruments will be cultivated out and recovered by method of email or letters through the help of the CEU Alumni Foundation. Both subjective and quantitative examination will be done, using review and open meeting information results.

Tips For Writing Your College Board Sat Essay

Tips For Writing Your College Board Sat EssayFinding college board sat essay samples can be difficult if you have no idea where to look. You need to make sure that the essays are approved for credit by the college and that you can write them well enough to pass your course. You can't take a single board sat essay sample and come up with a thesis statement that fits your requirements without a great deal of research.There are many colleges that offer different types of essay samples so you will need to find a college that offers this kind of writing requirement. If you want to write about religion in college, or ethics, or education, or even science, then you will need to get a few different essay samples. It may be better to focus on only one writing program, but that should not stop you from looking at the rest. It is important to find a college that matches your interests so that you can be confident in your choices.Some students prefer taking classes online instead of on campus wh ich may leave them with less access to assignments and instructors and therefore more opportunities to practice their writing skills by taking free courses. This is a valid concern. Fortunately, the great resources available online can make it easier for students to get started.The easiest way to look for college board sat essay samples is to go to a website that specializes in the subject. The best ones are able to offer the latest papers from top writers who are often active members of a specific school. By using a site like this, you have easy access to the most current materials and can find plenty of examples for yourself.There are also websites that specialize in helping students write their college board sat essay. These websites will be able to supply you with several free essays from writers with degrees from top schools. By using these resources, you will be able to identify top writers for your own situation.The next step is to spend some time doing research to identify t he best topics for each essay samples. You will need to think about what kind of person you are and what kind of things you are interested in studying. You need to make sure that the essay subjects are aligned with your goals so that you are working on the right things.After you have identified a few topics, it is time to go through each paper you find and eliminate those with questions from the beginning of the essay samples. The best ones are often the ones that allow you to do this process. You won't learn how to write for your college board sat until you work on questions at the beginning of the paper.It is important to be patient when writing college board sat essay samples. It is the same as when taking college courses, you will be having to write many papers that need to be taken seriously. If you follow the tips you find here, you should be well on your way to writing a very good paper that will make a positive impact on your final grade. With the right essay samples, you wi ll find that your college board sat essays are easy and fun.

Anti Corruption Of Chinese New Government - 1808 Words

Deborah Zhao 04/21/2015 Research Paper Anti-Corruption in Chinese New Government On 15 March 2012, Chongqing Party Chief Bo Xilai was removed from his tenure on charges of bribery and abuse of authority. ()The incident of Wang Lijun brought to the politburo more evidence that Bo Xilai was undergoing briberies. On 22 September 2013, after many trials, Bo Xilai’s final destiny was to be sentenced as life imprisonment for corruption, and the estimated amount of bribery was 8 billion RMB (BBC 11/11/2013).This enormous number not only brought the attention of the inner party members but also frightened the entire Chinese nation. However, Bo Xilai is just one of the many â€Å"Big Tigers† that Xi and his increasing power were paying attention to, there are many more previously high-ranking trusted officials that have proven to be corrupt. (BBC 11/11/2013). What happened to the system? When did bribery start happening? Why isn’t anyone taking any actions for this situation? Who is responsible for the conseq uences? How can Xi change the current government with a better system and more trustful reputation? While the last decade has seen tremendous economic prosperity in China, it has also fostered series of widespread high-profile corruption scandals within the government. Throughout the start of the Chinese civilization, China has always been ruled by monarchy. Even till today, there is still a King-like figure who distributes orders and subordinate follows them. This is where theShow MoreRelatedCorruption in China1319 Words   |  6 PagesWhile corruption is said to generate inefficiency and retard growth in a country (Ackerman, 1997), China manages to deliver astronomical economic growth amidst rampant corruption (Li, Peng, 2001). To explain China’s puzzle, the essay first focuses on the causes of corruption and why it has yet to be eradicated, and then analyzes its economic impact in the short and long run. The rise of corruption in China can be attributed to the structure of its economic institutions. Starting off with a unifiedRead MoreHand Controlling The Chinese Government2081 Words   |  9 PagesCONTROLLING THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT 3 Introduction This paper is based on the corruption issues of China and resources from all kinds of Chinese news and online essays. Corruption is the dishonest or illegal behavior by powerful people. In this paper, corruption issues are focused on the Chinese governors. The overview of China’s corruption reveals the corruption facts of Chinese governors. For instance, how many governors were involved in corruption, how much moneyRead MoreThe Chinese Civil War1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Chinese Civil War began in April 1927 and involved two Chinese groups with different views on how the country should be ran. The first group were forces that were loyal to Kuomintang also known as the KMT were Chinese Nationalists of the Republic of China led by Chiang Kai-Shek. The other group was the Communist Party of China also known as the CPC who were led by Mao Zedong. The first major military campaign in the civil war was the Northern Expedition which was fought from 1926 to 1928 theRead MoreRelations Between China And The United States1643 Words   |  7 Pagesaccepted by the people and the government of that country. China, for instance, is a relation-based country, where the United States is a rule-based country. This means that while the United States conducts business based on laws and regulations, China conducts business based on Guanxi. The word Guanxi translates literally into â€Å"relationships,† where they build trust in one another and develop Guanxi before conducting any business. Because they are relation-based, Chinese people build this network ofRead MoreThe Emergence Of Urban America1314 Words   |  6 Pagesexcitement had encouraged many to move into the big cities. New social problems had risen. Poverty, political corruption, quality of life issues. Also the increasing prevalence of segregation America’s Move to Town: Good jobs and social excitement lured workers . Contrast between rural and urban life became sharper. Explosive Urban Growth: The frontier was a societal safety valve and the urban areas became areas of instability, corruption and danger. Cheap lands offered release for populationRead MoreChina’s evolving geopolitical role and its participation in the WTO.1419 Words   |  6 Pagesaccording to Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao: †China will Keep its door open forever!† About corruption: According to the Corruption Index of the Guardian, 2012, China was ranked as the 80th least corrupt country, with a Corruption Perceptions Index score of 39. Since 2008, China has experienced a fall of 10 places and ranks even lower to e.g. New Zealand, with a CPI score of 90. China is involved in one specific type of corruption, which, according to Wedeman, 2012 is predatory corruption. PredatoryRead MoreChinese Population And Its Effect On China1700 Words   |  7 PagesIf â€Å"democracy† is a term that sounds so familiar to many Western countries, the concept, on the other hand, does not adhere a same value in developing countries, especially for China. In fact, Chinese population is heavily under the effect of democratization resistance for many reasons, including but not limit to (1) the government’s own definition and version of democracy (2) Chinese’s long historical factors and unique cultures, (3) different political philosophy and (4) whether is deve loped orRead MoreRodamas Group: Designing Strategies in Erging Economies1648 Words   |  7 Pages†©and†©has,†©over†©the†©years,†© experienced†©significant†©growth.†© Local†©partners†©were†©essential†©to†©manage†©the†©appropriate†© connections†©in†©a†©country†©that†©was†© rapidly†©developing†©but†©which†©still†©suffered†©from†©weak†© infrastructure,†©law†©enforcement,†©and†©rampant†© corruption,†©making†©every†©aspect†©of†©operations,†©including†©obtaining†© permits,†©buying†©land,†©hiring†©personnel,†© procuring†©inputs†©and†©distributing†©products,†©a†©challenge.†©The†© cultural†©diversity†©and†©geography†©for†©example,†© with†©hundreds†©of†©languages†©and†©islandsRead MoreThe Fall of the Qing Dynasty1687 Words   |  7 Pagessolution, Empress Dowager Cixi proclaimed a call for proposals for reform from the generals and governors. There were three reform movements between 1860-1911, â€Å" the Qing court and Chinese provincial officials had tried to adapt a wide range of Western techniques and ideas to China’s proven needs: artillery, ships, the telegraph, new schools, factories, chambers of commerce and international law† (Spence, 234). The first reform being the Self-strengthening Movement the second was the Hundred Days ReformRead MoreChina Is Reaching New Levels Making It A Top Choice For Many Global Managers1566 Words   |  7 PagesFinal Paper - China Mary Docksey Baker College Final Paper - China China is reaching new levels making it a top choice for many global managers. China accounts for more than a third of global growth over the past seven years. (Legarde, 2015) The country has worked hard in creating economic growth and although it has been slow it has been successful. They are gaining on economic and financial stability. As a relocation specialist I would inform the global manager and his family what they can expect

Bp/Amoco Merger Acquisition - 6130 Words

| BP Amoco/Arco Merger | Merger and Acquisitions Term Paper | | | 12/10/2012 | | Contents Time Line of Events 3 Introduction 4 Industry Analysis 5 Overview of ARCO s Business 7 Overview of BP Amoco’s Business 7 Value Creation from the Merger: 8 Competitors Analysis 9 Antitrust Issues 11 FTC Arguments 12 What Happened? 14 Divestitures 14 Phillips Acquires ARCO Alaska 15 FTC dissent 16 Performance and key Financials 17 Annual Shareholder’s meeting: 19 Conclusion: 20 Time Line of Events April 01, 1999: Merger confirmed by BP amp; ARCO. Deal valued at $26.8 bill. 400 layoffs expected in AK (2000 worldwide); Gov. announces formation of task force consisting of Attorney General†¦show more content†¦Governor issues press release applauding announcement and asserting that the deal preserves most points from his Charter Agreement. | | March 21, 2000: Merger Committee sends letter to FTC Chairman Robert Pitofsky endorsing Phillips Petroleum s purchase of ARCO Alaska s assets, signed by Halford, Pearce amp; Porter. Merger committee issues release endorsing Phillips acquisition of ARCO Alaska s assets and recommending FTC Approval of BP/ARCO Merger. | | March 24, 2000: Exxon sues to block merger.April 26, 2000: Phillips Petroleum announces it has completed its acquisition of ARCO s Alaskan businesses. | | | Introduction In March 1999 British Petroleum Amoco (BP) announced its intention to acquire the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) for $25.6 billion in stock, by exchanging 1.64 BPA U.S. ADR share for every outstanding share of ARCO (9.84 U.K. ordinary share), post-BPA stock split. On 1 April 1999 the Boards of BP Amoco and ARCO announced that they had reached agreement on a proposed combination of their two companies. The enlarged group will initially be held as to 85% by BP Amoco shareholders and 15% by ARCO shareholders. The BP/ARCO deal was one of the largest oil mergers ever and attracted a lot of public attention as well as antitrust scrutiny. The merger raised fundamental antitrust concerns that could be alleviated only by majorShow MoreRelatedFinance5383 Words   |  22 PagesIntroduction As part of my assignment, I have been asked to discuss the following statement â€Å"Mergers and acquisitions can be value destroyers or value creators†. A merger can be defined as when two equal businesses in terms of profit margin and status, combine in order to become one legal entity. Initially, the fundamental reason for this merge is to produce a company that is worth more than the sum of its parts. An acquisition is where one company acquires a controlling interest in another company. The combinationRead MoreBp-Amoco Merger2996 Words   |  12 Pagesbefore Merger 1.1 British Petroleum Company British Petroleum Company (BP) is a British multinational oil and gas company. It is the third-largest energy company and fourth-largest company in the world. It is vertically integrated and operates in all areas of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It also has renewable energy activities in biofuels and wind power. BP has operationsRead More Analysis of the Oil Industry Essay7118 Words   |  29 Pagesbreak into the U.S market. Though it took many years to get in British Petroleum was able to start with a selective group of stations and build from there. BP, Chevron, and ExxonMobile today make up three of the biggest in the oil industry. (Chevron Official Website) These three companies have all been created by many purchases and mergers over the last hundred years and must be described to have a better understanding. It was the demand for low oil prices, convenience, and superior quality thatRead MoreBp 7s Analysis10000 Words   |  40 PagesBP plc[3][4]  (LSE:  BP,  NYSE:  BP) is a British  multinational  oil  and  gas  company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is the third-largest energy company and  fourth-largest company in the world  measured by 2011 revenues and is one of the six oil and gas supermajors.[5][6]  It is  vertically integrated  and operates in all areas of the oil and gas industry, including  exploration  and  production,refining,  distribution and marketing,  petrochemicals,  power generation  and  trading. It also has  renewableRead MoreBp 7s Analysis10010 Words   |  41 PagesBP plc[3][4]  (LSE:  BP,  NYSE:  BP) is a British  multinational  oil  andà ‚  gas  company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is the third-largest energy company and  fourth-largest company in the world  measured by 2011 revenues and is one of the six oil and gas supermajors.[5][6]  It is  vertically integrated  and operates in all areas of the oil and gas industry, including  exploration  and  production,refining,  distribution and marketing,  petrochemicals,  power generation  and  trading. It also has  renewableRead MoreHow Business Can Grow Faster Than Normal1677 Words   |  7 Pagesbroken up into two different types mergers and acquisitions. A merger is the combining of two or more companies, this decision is usually mutual between both firms, and it works usually by offering the stockholders of one-company securities in the acquiring company in exchange for the surrender of their stock. An acquisition is when a company buys most, if not all, of another company s ownership stakes so that they assume control of the target company. Acquisitions are often used as part of a companyRead MoreThe leadership and environment impact of BP international2274 Words   |  10 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to study the ethical leadership of a leader within a fortune 500 company. The paper will discuss the history and current information of British Petroleum (BP). It will describe their mission, vision, and value statements. It will provide detailed information on Tony Hayward and his leadership style. It will discuss the company’s culture of command and control, cost cutting, and lack of accountability. It will review their stance on ethics and corporate social responsibilityRead MoreExxon Mobile Merger13851 Words   |  56 PagesForthcoming Journal of Applied Finance, Financial Management Association The Exxon-Mobil Merger: An Archetype J. Fred Weston* The Anderson School at UCLA University of California, Los Angeles jweston@anderson.ucla.edu February 26, 2002 Fred Weston is Professor of Finance Emeritus Recalled, the Anderson School at the University of California Los Angeles. Thanks to Matthias Kahl, Samuel C. Weaver, Juan Siu, Brian Johnson, and Kelley Coleman for contributions. The paper also benefited fromRead MoreBritish Petroleums Marketing Strategy in a Changing Business Environment3952 Words   |  16 PagesBP s Marketing Strategy in Changing Business Environment 1. Introduction Multinational corporations operating in complex and diverse political, economic, social and cultural environments have to improve, adjust and develop their marketing strategies on a regular basis (Bamberg, 2009:46). Changing environmental factors create new conditions for their operating, which often require considerable and serious changes in strategic decision-making and positioning of companies. Inflexible andRead MoreJoint Ventures, Strategic Alliances and Mergers Acquisitions3371 Words   |  14 PagesJoint Ventures, Strategic Alliances, Collaborations and Merger and Acquisitions Questions | Q1. Why is a Joint Venture (JV) preferable to more general collaboration form of the Strategic Alliance? Q2. What are the relative merits and weaknesses of JVs and SAs? Q3. Why would company seek Mamp;A as a market entry strategy? What are the advantages and disadvantages of Mamp;A? why might a merger fail and what might be the outcome? Q4. What are the relative merits/ disadvantages of JVs, SAs, and

Inflation Is A Low Rate Of Inflation - 1726 Words

By saying that this country has a high rate of inflation, that means people who live in this country are sad. Inflation has many definitions, but most of these definitions are related to one concept which is inflation is a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. There is no doubt about that inflation is an important key concept in economics. As we know that there is something called deflation which is the opposite meaning of inflation. In this paper, I will write about inflation in general, the causes and effects of inflation, I will bring some countries in order to compare them, and I will mention some strategies which would help us in case we have a high rate of inflation. Most of the people are worry from having an inflation, and this is a true feeling. However, inflation could be a good thing for the economics, if it is a low rate. In fact, inflation in the whole world has been increasing, so the prices have been increasing and the value of money ha s been decreasing. For instance, according to Investopedia website, â€Å"During World War II, you could buy a loaf of bread for $0.15, a new car for less than $1,000 and an average house for around $5,000. In the twenty-first century, bread, cars, houses and just about everything else cost more. A lot more. Clearly, we ve experienced a significant amount of inflation over the last 60 years.† Investopedia staff said. On the other hand, throughout the history, it is something rare when a country hasShow MoreRelatedA Low And Stable Inflation Rate880 Words   |  4 Pagesable to achieve and sustain a reliable economy that alleviates poverty in these localities should be hinged on the implementation of effective and realistic policies, which mitigates the problem from the grass roots. The maintenance of a low and stable inflation rate, reduction in maternal and child undernutrition, and initiatives to ensure sustainable living standards and health, extensive education and access to obtaining credit among the people of Ghana and the provision of agricultural inputs toRead MoreTrade Off Between Inflation And Other Macroeconomic Aims1595 Words   |  7 PagesTrade Off Between Inflation And Other Macroeconomic Aims Keeping inflation as low as possible can be undesirable especially when we consider the short run trade-off between inflation and other macroeconomic factors such as output and employment. This can be seen from the AD-AS curve drawn below. Assume that the country is initially at and is the natural level of output in Figure 4. In order to move to a higher level of output, reduce the output gap and unemployment, inflation is inevitable asRead More The Federal Reserve System Essay example1453 Words   |  6 Pageslong-term interest rates. The Fed employs Monetary Policy in an effort to manage both the money supply and interest rates while stimulating the economy to operate close to full employment. One school of thought called Monetarism believes that the Federal Reserve should simply pursue policies to eliminate inflation. Zero inflation may help the market to avoid imbalances, stabilize the business cycle, and promote steady growth in our economy. On the other hand, zero inflat ion may not reduce unemploymentRead MoreInflation And Unemployment Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesHistorically, the relationship between inflation and unemployment has been studied, debated, and been used as economic indicators to explain the overall health of the economy. Both inflation and unemployment will fluctuate and change based on phases of the business cycle. From a simplistic view, high levels of inflation and unemployment indicate that the economy is not operating at is an optimal level of output. During periods where inflation and unemployment are high, individuals are saving moreRead MoreCentral Bank : Monetary Policy1178 Words   |  5 Pagesand exchange rates. Until the 1970s, central banks used a currency peg, which linked the value of the domestic currency to the value of another currency, usually of a low-inflation country. But this approach meant that the country’s monetary policy was tied to the country to which it pegged, restraining the central bank’s ability to adapt their policy to shocks such supply shocks or changes in the real interest rate. Consequently, many central banks began to adopt flexible exchange rates, forcing themRead MoreThe Fisher Effect and the Quantity Theory of Money Essay examples1698 Words   |  7 Pagesreal interest rate, which is (r = i - Ï€). Real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate plus inflation. This is a very basic equation. Fisher manipulated it to solve for i, in order to understand the effect that inflation has on nominal interest rate. The famous equation is i = r + Ï€, nominal interest rate equals real interest rate plus inflation. This is basically saying that th e nominal interest rate can be changed by a change in either the real interest rate or inflation. The Fisher effectRead MoreInflation Targeting Is A Monetary Policy Framework That1639 Words   |  7 PagesInflation targeting is a monetary policy framework that commits the central bank to achieving low and stable inflation. Inflation targeting is a long-run goal for monetary policy. It was implemented due to the poor performance of exchange rate and monetary targeting. The central bank has an explicit numerical target for inflation rate, for the medium term and announces it to public which is around 2% in the UK. Monetary policy supports the long term economy growth by maintaining the price stabilityRead MoreThe Phillips Curve and The Quantity Theory of Money1128 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween inflation rate and the unemployment rate. When the unemployment was high, the inflation rate would be low; the inflation rate was high, the unemployment rate would be low. Here we have the statistics data of the inflation rate and unemployment rate from 2007-2011. On the other hand, Phillipss â€Å"curve† also represented the average relationship between unemployment and wage behavior over the business cycle. In the short run, there is a tradeoff between inflation rate and unemployment rate. InRead MoreA Better Monetary Policy Central1612 Words   |  7 PagesShould Adopt in the Environment of Low Inflation CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 2 Problems 2 2.1 Low Inflation Retards Economic Recovery 2 2.1 It Remains Questionable Which Monetary Policy is Better 3 3 Comparison Between Interest Rate Policy and Money Supply Policy 3 3.1 The Advantages and Drawbacks of Lowering Interest Rate 3 3.2 The Advantages and Drawbacks of Increasing Money Supply 4 4 Conclusion 5 5 List of References 6 Keywords: Monetary Policy; Interest Rate; Money Supply; Central Bank IntroductionRead MoreInflation And The Value Of Money1710 Words   |  7 PagesInflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services [1]. It is measured as an annual percentage increase. When there is an inflation, the same amount of money buys a smaller percentage of a good or service compared to previous years. This means the value of money drops when inflation occurs. In economics, the value of money is viewed in terms of purchasing power, which is the real, tangible goods that can be bought by money. When inflation goes up, there

Human Resource Management Employment Relationship

Questions: 1. How are good arguments formed? In your response, use the material placed on ilearn under the Assessment tab which explains the key elements to effective argument makingproposed by Aristotles Rhetorical Triangle Model.2. Do you think the authors of this article have developed convincing rhetoric in their writing? Why? In your answer justify your answer by citing examples from this article.3. Reflecting on this exercise, provide three SPECIFIC examples of how you intend to createcompelling rhetoric and strong argument in your group debate and report. Answers: Use of Alan Foxs Theory to Conceptualize Employment Relationship Work is central part of everyones life and the nature and governance of work determines the employment relationship. Different people have different perception of employment relationship and Alan Fox used a framework of theory to categorize employment relationship. By this means, he categorized employment relationship on the basis of Marxist, Unitarist and pluralist theory. Alans frame of reference is collection of values and ideas related to the interest of people in employment relationship (Ackers, 2014). Firstly employment relationship can be conceptualized by the Unitarist theory. According to Unitarism approach, people in employment initiate their job with the belief that work place conflict normally does not occur between manager and staffs. However, conflicts do arise and such unitarist believes that aberration in employment relationship occurs due to lack of coordination between the involved person. A Unitarist person believes that management and employees should have the common vision for achieving the objectives of the organization (Cullinane Dundon, 2014). Therefore, individual attitude, inappropriate recruitment practices and poor communication is regarded as the factor affecting employment relationship. In this context, employment relationship is improved by addressing the communication and personal issues of employees. On the contrary, the ideology of the pluralist is that they begin with the assumption that conflict in workplace is inevitable. They belief this because people from different interest group works in an organization and the complex nature of business organization may lead to issues due to different values and objectives of different employees. This frame of reference of Alan Fox is based on the assumption that conflict will always exist due to different source of authorities within the organization. Therefore, people with pluralist approach will always welcome conflict as it helps them to identify grievance of employees and explore innovative methods to improve the service in the organization (Martin et al., 2016). The frame of reference of Marxism is based on the concept of capitalism and its impact on employment relationship in organization. The concept of capitalism such as increase in investment but low wages for workers lead to inherent contradiction and employees are compelled to take action against the exploitation of the organization. Therefore, according to Marxist frame of reference, conflict in organization is a result of struggle between two competing social class and this factor influences employment relationship (Hyman, 2013). Application of Alan Foxs theory to Purpose Co The CEO of Purpose Co, Ms Brightidea is planning to revise it approach to workplace relationship and seeking advice to advising team of Human Resource company to determine why she should invest her time and resource in HR strategies. Based on Ms Brightideas comment, it can be said that she needs to invest her time in HR management to gain a competitive edge in the market (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Human resource is the most valuable asset in the company and Alan Foxs frame of reference reveals that conflict in workplace is bound to happen under all circumstance. This conflict has the risk to hamper ideal employment relationship and it eventually influences the work flow organization. If organize fail to address the issues of employees, the employees may lack the motivation to work and they decide on quitting too. This situation may lead to loss of production and additional cost on recruitment for companies. Due to the above mentioned risk faced by organization, it is necessary for Ms Brightidea to develop ideal HR strategies. According to systems theory, work in organization is based on formal and informal rules and regulations and all employees should comply with it to maintain professionalism in work. Human resource management (HRM) will lead to development of competencies of staffs according to specific goal of the organization and it will bring better organization result in the long run. HR managers need to identify the correct approach to manage issues of staffs and method of management will determine it impact on organizational performance (Purce, 2014). As conflict and lack of communication between coworker is a risk for the organization, HRM can lead to the alignment of human resource to gain competitive advantage. The superior performance of top business companies has also been possible due to their unique skills of HRM. Therefore, to gain and sustain competitive advantage in t he market, CEO of Purpose Co can invest in aligning the skills of the employees according to the needs of organization and make them aware of behavior desired from them to achieve success in work. By this initiative, HR manager will ensure that all employees have the required knowledge and skills and willingness to be committed to the goals of the organization. It also involves planning strategies so as to motivate and engage employee wholeheartedly in the goals of the organization (Buller McEvoy, 2012). Hence, HRM will help Brightidea to gain competitive advantage and high performance for her company, Purpose Co. Reference Ackers, P. (2014). Rethinking the employment relationship: a neo-pluralist critique of British industrial relations orthodoxy.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(18), 2608-2625. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight.Human resource management review,22(1), 43-56. Cullinane, N., Dundon, T. (2014). Unitarism and employer resistance to trade unionism.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(18), 2573-2590. Hyman, R. (2013). 4 Whatever happened to industrial sociology?(1).The international yearbook of organization studies., 84. Martin, G., Farndale, E., Paauwe, J., Stiles, P. G. (2016). Corporate governance and strategic human resource management: Four archetypes and proposals for a new approach to corporate sustainability.European Management Journal,34(1), 22-35. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67.

Frederick James - The Limites Of Post Modern Theory Essays

Frederick James - The Limites of Post Modern Theory The impetus behind this paper has been the recent publication of Fredric Jameson's 1991 Welleck Lectures, The Seeds of Time.1 As these lectures were delivered a decade after Jameson's initial attempts to map the terrain of postmodernity it appeared to me to provide an occasion to reflect upon the current status of Jameson's highly influential and much criticised theory of postmodernism as the cultural logic of late capitalism. It also enables me to return to, what I consider to be, one of the most troubling aspects of Jameson's writing on postmodernism, that is to say, the "waning", to use Jameson's term, of the political imagination. As Jameson is probably the foremost Marxist theorist writing on postmodernism and one of the most influential of contemporary cultural critics, I find this paralysis of the political imagination in the face of postmodernism deeply problematic. As most of you are probably aware postmodernism is inherently paradoxical and playful. There is, suggests Jameson a kind of winner loses logic about it, the more one tries to define what is characteristically postmodern the less characteristic it turns out to be. Postmodernism, by definition resists definition. Theoretically, postmodernism can only theorise its own conditions of impossibility; with neither a fixed subject nor object there can be no theory of postmodernism as such. This paradoxicality is what Jameson now identifies as the antinomies of postmodernity, the aporia or theoretical impasses which mesmerise postmodern theory and unlike the older (modernist) discourse of dialectical contradiction remain unresolvable at a higher level of abstraction. Jameson identifies four fundamental antinomies of postmodernism: time and space, subject and object, nature and human nature, and finally the concept of Utopia. Today I will focus on just the first of these antinomies, what Jameso n describes as the foundational antinomy of postmodernism, that is, time and space, and suggest that the failure to think beyond the antinomy is symptomatic of a more general failing in Jameson's theory as a whole. I shall also venture to suggest that a more dialectical understanding of temporality and spatiality may enable us to move beyond what Jameson sees as the limits of the postmodern. Before engaging with this debate, however, I will briefly recapitulate Jameson's original thesis and what I still consider to be the importance of his theoretical endeavour. Jameson's initial intervention in the postmodern debate, in a 1982 essay `The Politics of Theory',2 was primarily an attempt to map the ideological landscape of postmodernism, however, the article concluded on a characteristic Jamesonian note, insisting on `the need to grasp the present as history'. Jameson, then, initially seemed to suggest the possibility of a way through the impasse of the two most influential strains of thought emerging at that time in relation to postmodernism. On the one hand, one encountered an uncritical celebration of the concept by the postmodernists themselves, and, on the other, the charge of cultural degeneracy was being levelled by more traditional critics and older modernists. We must avoid, argued Jameson, adopting either of these essentially moralising positions, and rather develop a more fully historical and dialectical analysis of the situation. Whether we like it or not there was a perception that culturally something had changed, we may disagree on what that change entails but the perception itself has a reality that must be accounted for. To repudiate such a cultural change was simply facile, to thoughtlessly celebrate it was complacent and corrupt; what was required was an assessment of this `new cultural production within the working hypothesis of a general modification of culture itself within the social restructuration of late capitalism as a system'. It was this promise to historically situate postmodernism in relation to transformations in the capitalist system and the development of global multinational capital that, for many like myself who at once embraced aspects of postmodern theory whilst remaining critical of its often ambiguous political stance, was probably the single most significant aspect of Jameson's theory. At the same time, however, the precise nature of the relationship between postmodernism as a cultural phenomenon and late capitalism as a system was left somewhat under-theorised and, for myself at least, this has remained one of the most

Phone Tapping Essays

Phone Tapping Essays Phone Tapping Paper Phone Tapping Paper A Characteristic of Orwell’s Big Brother? Communication makes the world what it is. Without communication, people would virtually be in total isolation from one another and with events around the world. Telephones play an integral role in providing this much-needed communication. Telephones also permit people the freedom to say what they wish to others on a confidential basis, without any risk of witnesses. This freedom allows releases that many people believe no one can take away. Most people take this freedom for granted and overlook the fact that the government can, under certain restricted conditions, take it away by phone tapping. Phone tapping is the secret monitoring of a conversation by a third party. Where some may argue that phone tapping is necessary, that argument is misleading and incorrect in many aspects. Many argue that phone tapping is an invasion of privacy. Nowhere in the Constitution is the word privacy mentioned, implying that, â€Å"Privacy is a value or ideal in society,† (McCloskey) but not a right. This is one argument in support of phone tapping. While some claim that the Constitution supports this argument, sections of the Constitution actually provide reasons why this argument is incorrect (Browne). Those guidelines imply that Americans have the right to privacy, because there would be no point for laws to protect privacy if privacy was not a right. However, the Bill of Rights does not explicitly say the word privacy but it implies and defends privacy within multiple amendments including the Fourth and the Tenth. The Fourth Amendment clearly states, â€Å"Without probable cause and a search warrant, the government cannot search or seize your house or belongings. † (United States Constitution. ). The right to not to have one’s personal property and belongings searched, is a guideline that defines privacy. The Tenth Amendment states, â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states, or to the people. † (United States Constitution. ). This means the government has no power or right to invade our privacy or do anything that it not specifically sanctioned in the Constitution (Browne). Therefore, concerning the invasion of privacy by phone tapping, the government has no right under any circumstances to tap any phone for any means without probable cause. Government phone tapping is said to be a key approach to staying one-step ahead of criminals and terrorists (â€Å"Bush Defends. †). The major problem with this argument is the enemy usually is too smart for phone tapping! Most often, terrorists and criminals are able to devise huge schemes to break the law without being caught. It is rather naive to assume that simple phone tapping will put roadblocks in their plans. Criminals and terrorists sometimes know the government’s plans and often they are aware of what the government is trying to do to discover their criminal acts and terroristic plots (Levy). For example, most terrorists and criminals assume their home phones are tapped and therefore they do not use them to plan their attacks or crimes (Finder). If phone calls need to be made, they normally are made off the premises or in public places. Therefore, phone tapping is too elementary to counteract their plans. Getting a court order to phone tap every public phone, for the possibility that a terrorist may use it, is quite trivial because that possibility is hardly probable enough to gain multiple phone tapping warrants (Hollingsworth and Mayes). When a phone is tapped, someone has to listen to every conversation, carefully listening for suspicious details or plans. This takes bodies away from more promising and pressing leads that quite possibly could uncover corrupt and illegal plans. In turn this actually results in phone tapping possibly aiding in criminal acts as opposed to hindering them (Levy). This idea that phone tapping aids in staying ahead of the criminals is too nominal to be considered an argument. It seems that the government is desperate to defend phone tapping so it devised this argument. Furthermore, the results that government sponsored phone-tapping produce are so marginal, it seems that spending time and money on it is futile (Levy). The government taps phones to discover evidence about a certain topic. Data mining is a system that aids in phone tapping: once a phone is tapped, all the conversations are data-mined to show trends which the government analyzes to decipher which phone records to dissect (Levy). The evidence discovered by data-mining and phone tapping only leads to more leads, meaning that intercepting evidence may identify a criminal or a suspect but most often does not lead any to incriminating evidence (Morgan and Padley). This poses a major problem. The government cannot risk picking which lead to pursue or not to pursue, and consequently they have to pursue every lead. This is extremely time consuming and if the lead turns out to be a dead end, all that time and money was wasted (Levy). Government phone tapping has so many drawbacks, is it not worth the trouble when the results barely ever produce incriminating evidence. The only legal way for the government to tap a phone is to obtain judicial authorization through a warrant (Gittlen). This system mandates collaboration between the National Security Agency and the federal courts, and forces the agency to have reasonable, coherent evidence to obtain the warrant as stated in a law developed in 1978 (Ashenfelter). Besides the National Security Agency and the judicial branch, communication companies are also involved in phone tapping. Legally, communication companies must aid in government phone taps when presented with a warrant (Ashenfelter). While communication companies are required by law to assist in warranted phone tapping, some phone companies have been assisting in phone tapping regardless of the presence of a warrant, claiming it is better to help them then to let the government do the tapping themselves (Gittlen). A serious question arises when an issue of national security is involved as to whether the government should be allowed to tap a telephone without first getting judicial authorization. The government’s most simple, but most crucial job is to protect its people and their rights at all costs. Currently, the United States is fighting a war on terrorism which threatens those rights. If the government is fighting to preserve those rights, how can the government rationalize encroaching or even suspending our basic rights for periods of time to guarantee their survival (Stephen)? The government’s own actions are conflicting with our basic rights which is what our country is supposedly fighting to defend (Finder). How can the government fight actions that threaten national security, when they themselves are doing the same things? The freedoms promised by the Constitution need to be present and permitted at all times. Subsequently, phone tapping encroaches on those freedoms making it unconstitutional. The claim that the suspension of our basic rights to ensure their survival is pure fabrication. Government phone tapping is an issue that has numerous aspects to it. As with all arguments, many people quickly judge without looking at the big picture. However, experts on the subject can see that phone tapping is both unnecessary and unconstitutional. Phone conversations are something that are held sacred to the public and are a basic right according to the Constitution. Under no circumstance, even desperation is the government allowed to break its laws. Ashenfelter, David, comp. Bushs Wiretap Program Gets a Weeks Reprieve. Detroit Free Press 28 Sept. 2006, sec. DN. LexisNexis Academic. McClatchy-Tribune News Service. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 22 Mar. 2007. Browne, Harry. Does the Constitution Contain a Right to Privacy? 9 May 2003. Google Scholar. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 22 Mar. 2007. Keyword: Phone tapping Privacy. Bush Defends Phone-Tapping Policy. BBC News. 19 Dec. 2005. 27 Mar. 2007 . Finder, Joseph. Tap Dance. The New Republic os 215 (1996): 14+. Wilson Web. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 22 Mar. 2007. Keyword: government phone tapping. Gittlen, Sandra. How Do the Feds Tap Phone Lines? Network World 13 Feb. 2006. Google Scholar. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 25 Mar. 2007. Keyword: federal phone tapping. Hollingsworth, Mark, and Tessa Mayes, comps. The Case is Notable for One Thing He Got Caught. The Guardian (London) 19 Mar. 2007, Final ed. : 8. LexisNexis Academic. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. Levy, Stephen. Only the Beginning? Newsweek 22 May 2006: 33. Wilson Web. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 25 Mar. 2007. Keyword: Phone Tapping National Security. McCloskey, H J. The Political Ideal of Privacy. The Philosophical Quarterly 21 (1971): 303- 314. JSTOR. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 24 Mar. 2007. Keyword: phone tapping. Morgan, Vivienne, and Ben Padley, comps. Using Phone-Tap Evidence Would Increase Convictions' The Press Association Limited 16 Mar. 2007, sec. PN. LexisNexis Academic. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 22 Mar. 2007. Keyword: government phone tapping. Stephen, Andrew. A Nation Left Unprotected. New Statesman 5 Nov. 2001: 13-14. Wilson Web. Marywood University. 22 Mar. 2007. Keyword: Federal Phone Tapping. United States Constitution. Legal Information Institute. 2006. Cornell Law School. 25 Mar. 2007.

Reflective Paper (BUS 303) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflective Paper (BUS 303) - Essay Example The work of HRM is therefore, to oversee that employees have the resources and determination to work towards the organizational goals. HRM deals with a wide range of interrelated activities but they are all geared towards creating performance through people. It is important to understand how the various aspects of HRM work together to assist employees in achieving organizational goals, clarify new areas of human resource, and understand future implications of HRM in a specific company (Randhawa, 2007). In the continually changing area of business, through competition, product changes and increased globalization, it is necessary for organizations to realize ways to achieve a competitive edge. According to (Melkonyan, 2013), the human resource (HR) of an organization is crucial in assisting employees grow and develop their skills. Employees are the most important aspect of a business with the potential to enable a business achieve, competitive edge over the others. The HRM is necessary in ensuring that Equal Employment Opportunities (EEO) laws are followed to eliminate discrimination in employment. The HR within the organization has the mandate to ensure that jobs are advertised with required job description and expectations so that people apply for the position. HRM then influences organizational performance by ensuring that qualified, skilled, educated and talented staff members join the company. When employees with the necessary skills are recruited it is evident that the organization gets to enhance its performance in a bid to accomplish the organizational goals and objectives. For instance, Lufthansa Company has a vigorous employee selection process that involves sending a resume, taking an online test, a telephone interview, and then an oral interview. The candidate also has to undergo analytical thinking, vocabulary, arithmetic, and behavior specific tests depending on job position. In this regard, a thorough selection process ensures that an all-round can didate is chosen for the job (Randhawa, 2007). Human Resource Development (HRD) is another important aspect of HRM functions to nurture employees in their various areas of work. This is a strategy that involves offering employees’ enhanced training and development programs that enhance their level of work. The whole idea is to invest in training and workforce growth to generate beneficial results. For instance, the field of technology is constantly changing and therefore, employee need to be brought up to date with current technological advancements as a way of giving the organization a competitive edge. HRD is a concept that ensures employees get opportunities in areas of training, mentorship, career growth, performance management, succession preparation, coaching, and overall organization development (Youssef, 2012). The HRM also encourages employees’ performance through effective compensation and rewards programs. For instance, when there are changes to pay and prom otion in the workplace, employees are motivated to enhance their responsibilities to be considered for such incentives. It is important for incentives and compensation to be offered equally and with fairness because discrimination can easily reduce employee morale. The other important aspect of HRM is recognizing efforts among employees and rewarding them for their work. Employees not only require good salary and rewards,

Vocabulary Strategies with ELL Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vocabulary Strategies with ELL Students - Essay Example Students’ usage of first language for learning second language is the best practice for vocabulary learning as students can relate the words with one another. Students should be well equipped with knowledge of basic words as it is essential to excel with prior basic knowledge and for that purpose, transfer of cognate knowledge is required. It can be best implemented by allowing the students of ELL to find similarities and contrasts between their vocabulary of the words of their language and vocabulary of the second language. August, et al. (2005) informs that less efforts are done towards researching the best strategies for ELL students. However, transference of cognate knowledge is effective strategy for learning vocabulary. The second article that is taken for study is â€Å"Effective Instructional Strategies for English Language Learners in Mainstream Classrooms† by Susan (2004). According to Susan (2004), SIOP that can be abbreviated as Sheltered Instruction Observa tion Protocol is the best model that can be used for teaching students about English vocabulary. Susan (2004) explains that vocabulary plays an important role in language acquisition but lack of vocabulary appears as an obstruction for students of ELL in reading. There should be a vocabulary program setup for the vocabulary improvement of the English language learners. There are various stages that are described by Susan (2004) in the lieu of SIOP model. The whole exercise of planning and developing a program comes under the category of SIOP model. Word choice, allowance to students to use new words and new combinations and asking students to describe and explain words according to their own understanding, all are employed to teach the students of ELL to learn vocabulary. While using the approach of SIOP, the teachers should not use jargons or difficult words to teach students in order to facilitate them to learn in a comprehensible and easy manner.

Prince of Wales Essay Example for Free

Prince of Wales Essay With close reference to Shakespeares language discuss how the characters of the Prince of Wales and Hotspur are portrayed in Henry IV Part 1. In Henry IV, Part 1; Shakespeare contrasts the two characters, Prince Henry and Hotspur. The characters are complete opposites but have a common goal. They both want to be respected. Hotspur signals his intentions from the start but it is only as you get further on in the play that you realise that Hal has the same ambitions. This play chronicles the rise and fall of Hotspur and Hals rise from being the innocuous prince to a heroic heir in one play. In Act One, Scene One, the king says: Yea, there thou makst me sin in envy, that my Northumberland should be a father to so blest a son. Since this is said in the very first scene of the play we are immediately given the impression that the kings son is not as respectable or as honourable as Hotspur. We can also see how highly regarded Hotspur is as the king gives him such warm glowing compliments with a touch of jealousy in his voice. He is not contented with his own son as he goes on to say: See riot and dishonour stain the brow of my young Harry. This indicates to the audience that Prince Hal might not be living the life that a prince would be expected to live. We get the feeling that Harry is seen as the black sheep of the family and not the successor to the throne that the king desired. Shakespeare give us this impression by not including Prince Hal in the very important meeting that took place in Act one, scene one. The king even goes as far as suggesting that some night-tripping fairy had exchanged in cradle clothes our children where they lie. This statement backs up the idea that the king is jealous of Hotspur. Shakespeare allows the kings feelings towards Hotspur and Hal to be known to the audience before we even meet the two men later in the play. The kings feelings register unconsciously in the audiences mind and we may then prejudice our opinions of Hal and Hotspur before meeting them. In Scene One, Hotspur is described as being basically the opposite of Prince Hal. We may see this when Westmoreland calls him gallant Hotspur. This statement is proof that people show Hotspur the greatest respect and indicates to us that he is brave and noble. We should note how Shakespeare uses the language to build up Hotspurs character. This lets the audience form an impression of him before they meet him. In Act One, Scene 2, the audiences opinion of Prince Hal becomes increasingly worse as we find out that he keeps company with a man by the name of Sir John Falstaff. Falstaff is fat, lazy, a drunkard and a thief. Is this the type of man that a prince would normally be friends with? The prince, laughing and joking, takes up the first part of the scene. When Fallstaff asks Hal for the time, Hal says: I see no reason why thou shouldst be so superfluous to demand the time of day. We are given the impression that Hal spends a lot of his time messing and having a name calling contest with Falstaff by the relaxed manner by which they give each other abuse. In the midst of the name-calling, we find out that some members of the Council are very angry with Hal because of his behaviour, as Fallstaff says: an old Lord of the Council rated me the other day in the street about you Sir, but I marked him not. This could suggest that Fallstaff has respect for Hal or does not want to lose such an important benefactor.

Gunslinger: Battle Between Good and Evil :: essays research papers

The dilemma between good and evil began long before our time, and it’s been chronicled since man could write. Stephen King, one of the controversial writers of our time, brings his characters to life by giving them peculiar attributes, individual and bold attitudes, and places them in unusual predicaments. The Gunslinger series by Stephen King is a sequence of books that show the internal struggle between good and evil. His character are presented with obstacles, and readers observe how each one responds to the challenges presented to them, waiting to see how far they will go to achieve what they believe is the greater good. King realistically conveys to his readers that although his characters put forth their best efforts to do what they feel is upright, their actions are not always in their best interests. The author clearly shows readers that no amount of good a person does can prevent them from getting hurt. In books one, two, and four King puts his characters through cer tain situations to create certain outcomes. King makes an effort to show readers how people arrive at the right, or wrong choice, in different situations. This is, of course, the classic struggle between good and evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King introduces Roland, the protagonist, in â€Å"Gunslinger†. Roland is crucial in King’s endeavor to present to his readers how people make the choice between good and evil. In â€Å"Gunslinger†, Roland is presented with an option; he can either save a boy’s life, or he can let the boy plunge to his death and not deviate from his plan. Roland loves the boy, Jake, and is torn between saving him and pursuing his target, the man in black. Roland decides to sacrifice his friend’s life in order to hound the man in black. Roland’s goal is to reach the Dark Tower, and he feels that he must make sacrifices and forgo the sentimental, in order to achieve his goal. His ultimate goal is what he believes is the greater good, and he will go to any length to reach it. Society has sacrificed of innocence to achieve their definitive purpose, history is proof of this. King simply brings this to light. Roland has love for the boy; however, in not saving his life he saves more lives in the end. Saving Jake’s life might be in Jake’s best interest, but in doing so Roland will be affected negatively.

Qualitative research Essay

Abstract This paper is the first of a series of three articles relating to a case study conducted at Fairfield University to assess aspects of the rapid introduction of Information Technology at the institution. This article deals with the nature of the problem faced by Fairfield University, the characteristics of the case methodology, and lays the foundation for the selection of this research technique for the current study. The paper begins with an Introduction section to familiarize the reader with the case organization. The following section on Case Methodology explores the history, and some of the applications of the technique. The section ends with specific research protocols for researchers. Introduction Fairfield University is a private liberal arts institution of about 3,000 full time undergraduate students and about 1,000 graduate school students. The undergraduate students are distributed through the College of Arts and Sciences, the School of Business, and the School of Nursing. The graduate students are in the Graduate School of Education, the School of Business, and the School of Nursing. There are also part time students in the School of Continuing Education and the BEI School of Engineering. As with many other private institutions of higher education, Fairfield University faces many challenges. These challenges come from the declining population of college age students and the growing cost of running the institution. The literature will support the preceding statement (Crossland, 1980), but provide little comfort to the institution. One of the areas of greatest concern to college managers is the continuing cost of information technology. With the constant need to increase staff salaries, it is like salaries, inadvisable to reduce the outlay on information technology. Interviews that were conducted by this researcher with the deans and managers indicated that some of the peer institutions of Fairfield University are in fact doing as much if not more in this area. Hence any interruption in the effort to maintain technological currency would result in a competitive disadvantage for the institution. Therein lies the administrative financial challenge. The expense on information technology must be maintained at a time of declining revenues (Nicklin, 1992). The field of information technology at a university is very broad and could encompass many technologies hitherto not considered within its purview. However, there has been a relentless and indeed accelerating pace of convergence of the technologies in telecommunications, library services, and video services. The current study is concerned only with the aspects of information technology as it relates to academic computing and will focus on instructional and research computing. The goals of this study include an examination of the (a) managerial and (b) economic aspects of the rapid acquisition of information technology. The objectives deriving from those goals are: An assessment of the categories of computer use in higher education. An evaluation of the managerial issues of computing, including the centralization/decentralization of computing, client/server computing and the aspects of the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) Establish a basis for understanding the current and future economic aspects of information technology acquisition. The research questions arising from the above objectives were as follows: Objective 1 above is addressed by the question: â€Å"What patterns of acquisition emerge from the current computing environment and the perceived needs for computing? † Objective 2 is addressed by the question: â€Å"What characteristics of the categories of computing use contribute to the patterns of acquisition? † The five categories developed by King and Kraemer (1985) and adapted for use by Levy (1988) in his study at the University of Arizona, are used in this study, to examine the computing use at Fairfield University. Objective 3 is addressed by the question: â€Å"What managerial issues arise from the rapid acquisition of information technology and how important have those technologies become to the organization? † Objective 4 is addressed by the question: â€Å"How will the institution balance the need for technological changes with the need to continue the accomplishment of routine tasks?. † Samuel Levy (1988) conducted a study of instructional and research computing at the University of Arizona. This study replicates and extends the Levy (1988) study, and was conducted at Fairfield University. The current study extends the Levy (1988) study in its examination of aspects of the Internet, the World Wide Web, and Client/Server computing. Levy (1988) established the use of the case study as appropriate for the research project, and this researcher also used the literature to confirm the use of case methodology in the study at Fairfield University. The history and development of case methodology is reviewed, in support of the current case study at Fairfield University. There have been periods of intense use followed by periods of disuse of this technique, as documented by Hamel, Dufour, and Fortin (1993) as well as others. The relevance of that history to this study is important in that it establishes the known advantages and disadvantages of the methodology. The particular technique of a single-case study is reviewed, since that is the specific implementation of a case study at Fairfield University and was also used by Levy (1988). Case Study Methodology The history of case study research is marked by periods of intense use and periods of disuse. The earliest use of this form of research can be traced to Europe, predominantly to France. The methodology in the United States was most closely associated with The University of Chicago Department of Sociology. From the early 1900’s until 1935, The Chicago School was preeminent in the field and the source of a great deal of the literature. There was a wealth of material in Chicago, since it was a period of immigration to the United States and various aspects of immigration of different national groups to the city were studied and reported on (Hamel et al. , 1993). Issues of poverty, unemployment, and other conditions deriving from immigration were ideally suited to the case study methodology. Zonabend (1992) stated that case study is done by giving special attention to completeness in observation, reconstruction, and analysis of the cases under study. Case study is done in a way that incorporates the views of the â€Å"actors† in the case under study. The field of sociology is associated most strongly with case study research, and during the period leading up to 1935, several problems were raised by researchers in other fields. This coincided with a movement within sociology, to make it more scientific. This meant providing some quantitative measurements to the research design and analysis. Since The Chicago School was most identified with this methodology, there were serious attacks on their primacy. This resulted in the denigration of case study as a methodology. In 1935, there was a public dispute between Columbia University professors, who were championing the scientific method, and The Chicago School and its supporters. The outcome was a victory for Columbia University and the consequent decline in the use of case study as a research methodology. Hamel (Hamel et al. , 1993) was careful to reject the criticisms of case study as poorly founded, made in the midst of methodological conflict. He asserted that the drawbacks of case study were not being attacked, rather the immaturity of sociology as a discipline was being displayed. As the use of quantitative methods advanced, the decline of the case study hastened. However, in the 1960s, researchers were becoming concerned about the limitations of quantitative methods. Hence there was a renewed interest in case study. Strauss and Glaser (1967) developed the concept of â€Å"grounded theory. † This along with some well regarded studies accelerated the renewed use of the methodology. A frequent criticism of case study methodology is that its dependence on a single case renders it incapable of providing a generalizing conclusion. Yin (1993) presented Giddens’ view that considered case methodology â€Å"microscopic† because it â€Å"lacked a sufficient number† of cases. Hamel (Hamel et al. , 1993) and Yin (1984, 1989a, 1989b, 1993, 1994) forcefully argued that the relative size of the sample whether 2, 10, or 100 cases are used, does not transform a multiple case into a macroscopic study. The goal of the study should establish the parameters, and then should be applied to all research. In this way, even a single case could be considered acceptable, provided it met the established objective. The literature provides some insight into the acceptance of an experimental prototype to perceive the singularity of the object of study. This ensures the transformation from the local to the global for explanation. Hamel (Hamel et al. , 1993) characterized such singularity as a concentration of the global in the local. Yin (1989a) stated that general applicability results from the set of methodological qualities of the case, and the rigor with which the case is constructed. He detailed the procedures that would satisfy the required methodological rigor. Case study can be seen to satisfy the three tenets of the qualitative method: describing, understanding, and explaining. The literature contains numerous examples of applications of the case study methodology. The earliest and most natural examples are to be found in the fields of Law and Medicine, where â€Å"cases† make up the large body of the student work. However, there are some areas that have used case study techniques extensively, particularly in government and in evaluative situations. The government studies were carried out to determine whether particular programs were efficient or if the goals of a particular program were being met. The evaluative applications were carried out to assess the effectiveness of educational initiatives. In both types of investigations, merely quantitative techniques tended to obscure some of the important information that the researchers needed to uncover. The body of literature in case study research is â€Å"primitive and limited† (Yin, 1994), in comparison to that of experimental or quasi-experimental research. The requirements and inflexibility of the latter forms of research make case studies the only viable alternative in some instances. It is a fact that case studies do not need to have a minimum number of cases, or to randomly â€Å"select† cases. The researcher is called upon to work with the situation that presents itself in each case. Case studies can be single or multiple-case designs, where a multiple design must follow a replication rather than sampling logic. When no other cases are available for replication, the researcher is limited to single-case designs. Yin (1994) pointed out that generalization of results, from either single or multiple designs, is made to theory and not to populations. Multiple cases strengthen the results by replicating the pattern-matching, thus increasing confidence in the robustness of the theory. Applications of case study methodology have been carried out in High-Risk Youth Programs (Yin, 1993) by several researchers. The effects of community-based prevention programs have been widely investigated using case methodology. Where the high risk youth studies assumed a single case evaluation, these studies have typically used a collection of cases as a multiple-case study. This has been true in the various substance abuse prevention programs that are community-based (Holder, 1987; Sabol, 1990; Yin, 1993). Numerous such studies sponsored by the U. S. General Accounting Office are distributed in the literature between Evans (1976) and Gopelrud (1990). These studies have gone beyond the quantitative statistical results and explained the conditions through the perspective of the â€Å"actors. † Thus case study evaluations can cover both process and outcomes, because they can include both quantitative and qualitative data. There are several examples of the use of case methodology in the literature. Yin (1993) listed several examples along with the appropriate research design in each case. There were suggestions for a general approach to designing case studies, and also recommendations for exploratory, explanatory, and descriptive case studies. Each of those three approaches can be either single or multiple-case studies, where multiple-case studies are replicatory, not sampled cases. There were also specific examples in education, and management information systems. Education has embraced the case method for instructional use. Some of the applications are reviewed in this paper. In exploratory case studies, fieldwork, and data collection may be undertaken prior to definition of the research questions and hypotheses. This type of study has been considered as a prelude to some social research. However, the framework of the study must be created ahead of time. Pilot projects are very useful in determining the final protocols that will be used. Survey questions may be dropped or added based on the outcome of the pilot study. Selecting cases is a difficult process, but the literature provides guidance in this area (Yin, 1989a). Stake (1995) recommended that the selection offers the opportunity to maximize what can be learned, knowing that time is limited. Hence the cases that are selected should be easy and willing subjects. A good instrumental case does not have to defend its typicality. Explanatory cases are suitable for doing causal studies. In very complex and multivariate cases, the analysis can make use of pattern-matching techniques. Yin and Moore (1988) conducted a study to examine the reason why some research findings get into practical use. They used a funded research project as the unit of analysis, where the topic was constant but the project varied. The utilization outcomes were explained by three rival theories: a knowledge-driven theory, a problem-solving theory, and a social-interaction theory. Knowledge-driven theory means that ideas and discoveries from basic research eventually become commercial products. Problem-solving theory follows the same path, but originates not with a researcher, but with an external source identifying a problem. The social-interaction theory claims that researchers and users belong to overlapping professional networks and are in frequent communication. Descriptive cases require that the investigator begin with a descriptive theory, or face the possibility that problems will occur during the project. Pyecha (1988) used this methodology to study special education, using a pattern-matching procedure. Several states were studied and the data about each state’s activities were compared to another, with idealized theoretic patterns. Thus what is implied in this type of study is the formation of hypotheses of cause-effect relationships. Hence the descriptive theory must cover the depth and scope of the case under study. The selection of cases and the unit of analysis is developed in the same manner as the other types of case studies. Case studies have been increasingly used in education. While law and medical schools have been using the technique for an extended period, the technique is being applied in a variety of instructional situations. Schools of business have been most aggressive in the implementation of case based learning, or â€Å"active learning† (Boisjoly & DeMichiell, 1994). Harvard University has been a leader in this area, and cases developed by the faculty have been published for use by other institutions. The School of Business at Fairfield University has revised the curriculum so that in place of the individual longitudinal courses in the areas of Management, Marketing, Operations, Finance, and Information Systems, students take one course. That course is designed around cases that encompass those disciplines, but are presented in an integrated manner. The students are therefore made aware of the interrelatedness of the various disciplines and begin to think in terms of wider problems and solutions. Later courses add the international dimension to the overall picture. Case studies have been used to develop critical thinking (Alvarez, et al. , 1990). There are also interactive language courses (Carney, 1995), courses designed to broaden the students’ horizons (Brearley, 1990), and even for technical courses (Greenwald, 1991), and philosophical ones (Garvin, 1991). This investigation is a case study of the aspects of Information Technology that are related to client/server computing, the Internet, and the World Wide Web, at Fairfield University. Thus this paper examines issues that will expand the reader’s knowledge of case study methodology as it relates to the design and execution of such a study. Yin (1994) recommended the use of case-study protocol as part of a carefully designed research project that would include the following sections: Overview of the project (project objectives and case study issues) Field procedures (credentials and access to sites) Questions (specific questions that the investigator must keep in mind during data collection) Guide for the report (outline, format for the narrative) (Yin, 1994, p.64) The quintessential characteristic of case studies is that they strive towards a holistic understanding of cultural systems of action (Feagin, Orum, & Sjoberg, 1990). Cultural systems of action refer to sets of interrelated activities engaged in by the actors in a social situation. The case studies must always have boundaries (Stake, 1995). Case study research is not sampling research, which is a fact asserted by all the major researchers in the field, including Yin, Stake, Feagin and others. However, selecting cases must be done so as to maximize what can be learned, in the period of time available for the study. The unit of analysis is a critical factor in the case study. It is typically a system of action rather than an individual or group of individuals. Case studies tend to be selective, focusing on one or two issues that are fundamental to understanding the system being examined. Case studies are multi-perspectival analyses. This means that the researcher considers not just the voice and perspective of the actors, but also of the relevant groups of actors and the interaction between them. This one aspect is a salient point in the characteristic that case studies possess. They give a voice to the powerless and voiceless. When sociological studies present many studies of the homeless and powerless, they do so from the viewpoint of the â€Å"elite† (Feagin, Orum, & Sjoberg, 1991). Case study is known as a triangulated research strategy. Snow and Anderson (cited in Feagin, Orum, & Sjoberg, 1991) asserted that triangulation can occur with data, investigators, theories, and even methodologies. Stake (1995) stated that the protocols that are used to ensure accuracy and alternative explanations are called triangulation. The need for triangulation arises from the ethical need to confirm the validity of the processes. In case studies, this could be done by using multiple sources of data (Yin, 1984). The problem in case studies is to establish meaning rather than location. Designing Case Studies Yin (1994) identified five components of research design that are important for case studies: A study’s questions Its propositions, if any Its unit(s) of analysis The logic linking the data to the propositions The criteria for interpreting the findings (Yin, 1994, p. 20). The study’s questions are most likely to be â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† questions, and their definition is the first task of the researcher. The study’s propositions sometimes derive from the â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† questions, and are helpful in focusing the study’s goals. Not all studies need to have propositions. An exploratory study, rather than having propositions, would have a stated purpose or criteria on which the success will be judged. The unit of analysis defines what the case is. This could be groups, organizations or countries, but it is the primary unit of analysis. Linking the data to propositions and the criteria for interpreting the findings are the least developed aspects in case studies (Yin, 1994). Campbell (1975) described â€Å"pattern-matching† as a useful technique for linking data to the propositions. Campbell (1975) asserted that pattern-matching is a situation where several pieces of information from the same case may be related to some theoretical proposition. His study showed, through pattern-matching, that the observed drop in the level of traffic fatalities in Connecticut was not related to the lowering of the speed limit. His study also illustrated some of the difficulties in establishing the criteria for interpreting the findings. Construct validity is especially problematic in case study research. It has been a source of criticism because of potential investigator subjectivity. Yin (1994) proposed three remedies to counteract this: using multiple sources of evidence, establishing a chain of evidence, and having a draft case study report reviewed by key informants. Internal validity is a concern only in causal (explanatory) cases. This is usually a problem of â€Å"inferences† in case studies, and can be dealt with using pattern-matching, which has been described above. External validity deals with knowing whether the results are generalizable beyond the immediate case. Some of the criticism against case studies in this area relate to single-case studies. However, that criticism is directed at the statistical and not the analytical generalization that is the basis of case studies. Reliability is achieved in many ways in a case study. One of the most important methods is the development of the case study protocol. Case studies can be either single or multiple-case designs. Single cases are used to confirm or challenge a theory, or to represent a unique or extreme case (Yin, 1994). Single-case studies are also ideal for revelatory cases where an observer may have access to a phenomenon that was previously inaccessible. Single-case designs require careful investigation to avoid misrepresentation and to maximize the investigator’s access to the evidence. These studies can be holistic or embedded, the latter occurring when the same case study involves more than one unit of analysis. Multiple-case studies follow a replication logic. This is not to be confused with sampling logic where a selection is made out of a population, for inclusion in the study. This type of sample selection is improper in a case study. Each individual case study consists of a â€Å"whole† study, in which facts are gathered from various sources and conclusions drawn on those facts. Yin (1994) asserted that a case study investigator must be able to operate as a senior investigator during the course of data collection. There should be a period of training which begins with the examination of the definition of the problem and the development of the case study design. If there is only a single investigator, this might not be necessary. The training would cover aspects that the investigator needs to know, such as: the reason for the study, the type of evidence being sought, and what variations might be expected. This could take the form of discussion rather than formal lectures. A case study protocol contains more than the survey instrument, it should also contain procedures and general rules that should be followed in using the instrument. It is to be created prior to the data collection phase. It is essential in a multiple-case study, and desirable in a single-case study. Yin (1994) presented the protocol as a major component in asserting the reliability of the case study research. A typical protocol should have the following sections: An overview of the case study project (objectives, issues, topics being investigated) Field procedures (credentials and access to sites, sources of information) Case study questions (specific questions that the investigator must keep in mind during data collection) A guide for case study report (outline, format for the narrative) (Yin, 1994, p. 64). The overview should communicate to the reader the general topic of inquiry and the purpose of the case study. The field procedures mostly involve data collection issues and must be properly designed. The investigator does not control the data collection environment (Yin, 1994) as in other research strategies; hence the procedures become all the more important. During interviews, which by nature are open ended, the subject’s schedule must dictate the activity (Stake, 1995). Gaining access to the subject organization, having sufficient resources while in the field, clearly scheduling data collection activities, and providing for unanticipated events, must all be planned for. Case study questions are posed to the investigator, and must serve to remind that person of the data to be collected and its possible sources. The guide for the case study report is often neglected, but case studies do not have the uniform outline, as do other research reports. It is essential to plan this report as the case develops, to avoid problems at the end. Stake (1995), and Yin (1994) identified at least six sources of evidence in case studies. The following is not an ordered list, but reflects the research of both Yin (1994) and Stake (1995): Documents Archival records Interviews Direct observation Participant-observation Physical artifacts Documents could be letters, memoranda, agendas, administrative documents, newspaper articles, or any document that is germane to the investigation. In the interest of triangulation of evidence, the documents serve to corroborate the evidence from other sources. Documents are also useful for making inferences about events. Documents can lead to false leads, in the hands of inexperienced researchers, which has been a criticism of case study research. Documents are communications between parties in the study, the researcher being a vicarious observer; keeping this in mind will help the investigator avoid being misled by such documents. Archival documents can be service records, organizational records, lists of names, survey data, and other such records. The investigator has to be careful in evaluating the accuracy of the records before using them. Even if the records are quantitative, they might still not be accurate. Interviews are one of the most important sources of case study information. There are several forms of interviews that are possible: Open-ended, Focused, and Structured or survey. In an open-ended interview, key respondents are asked to comment about certain events. They may propose solutions or provide insight into events. They may also corroborate evidence obtained from other sources. The researcher must avoid becoming dependent on a single informant, and seek the same data from other sources to verify its authenticity. The focused interview is used in a situation where the respondent is interviewed for a short period of time, usually answering set questions. This technique is often used to confirm data collected from another source. The structured interview is similar to a survey, and is used to gather data in cases such as neighborhood studies. The questions are detailed and developed in advance, much as they are in a survey. Direct observation occurs when a field visit is conducted during the case study. It could be as simple as casual data collection activities, or formal protocols to measure and record behaviors. This technique is useful for providing additional information about the topic being studied. The reliability is enhanced when more than one observer is involved in the task. Glesne and Peshkin (1992) recommended that researchers should be as unobtrusive as the wallpaper. Participant-observation makes the researcher into an active participant in the events being studied. This often occurs in studies of neighborhoods or groups. The technique provides some unusual opportunities for collecting data, but could face some major problems as well. The researcher could well alter the course of events as part of the group, which may not be helpful to the study. Physical artifacts can be tools, instruments, or some other physical evidence that may be collected during the study as part of a field visit. The perspective of the researcher can be broadened as a result of the discovery. It is important to keep in mind that not all sources are relevant for all case studies (Yin, 1994). The investigator should be capable of dealing with all of them, should it be necessary, but each case will present different opportunities for data collection. There are some conditions that arise when a case researcher must start data collection before the study questions have been defined and finalized (Yin, 1994). This is likely to be successful only with an experienced investigator. Another important point to review is the benefit of using rival hypotheses and theories as a means of adding quality control to the case study. This improves the perception of the fairness and serious thinking of the researcher. Analyzing Case Study Evidence This aspect of the case study methodology is the least developed and hence the most difficult. As a result, some researchers have suggested that if the study were made conducive to statistical analysis, the process would be easier and more acceptable. This quantitative approach would be appealing to some of the critics of the case study methodology. However not all case studies lend themselves to this type of analysis. Miles and Huberman (1984) suggested analytic techniques such as rearranging the arrays, placing the evidence in a matrix of categories, creating flowcharts or data displays, tabulating the frequency of different events, using means, variances and cross tabulations to examine the relationships between variables, and other such techniques to facilitate analysis. There must first be an analytic strategy, that will lead to conclusions. Yin (1994) presented two strategies for general use: One is to rely on theoretical propositions of the study, and then to analyze the evidence based on those propositions. The other technique is to develop a case description, which would be a framework for organizing the case study. Lynd conducted a widely cited â€Å"Middletown† study in 1929, and used a formal chapter construct to guide the development of the analysis. In other situations, the original objective of the case study may help to identify some causal links that could be analyzed. Pattern-matching is another major mode of analysis. This type of logic compares an empirical pattern with a predicted one. Internal validity is enhanced when the patterns coincide. If the case study is an explanatory one, the patterns may be related to the dependent or independent variables. If it is a descriptive study, the predicted pattern must be defined prior to data collection. Yin (1994) recommended using rival explanations as pattern-matching when there are independent variables involved. This requires the development of rival theoretical propositions, but the overall concern remains the degree to which a pattern matches the predicted one. Yin (1994) encouraged researchers to make every effort to produce an analysis of the highest quality. In order to accomplish this, he presented four principles that should attract the researcher’s attention: Show that the analysis relied on all the relevant evidence Include all major rival interpretations in the analysis Address the most significant aspect of the case study Use the researcher’s prior, expert knowledge to further the analysis Stake (1995) recommended categorical aggregation as another means of analysis and also suggested developing protocols for this phase of the case study to enhance the quality of the research. He also presented ideas on pattern-matching along the lines that Yin (1994) presented. Runkel (1990) used aggregated measures to obtain relative frequencies in a multiple-case study. Stake (1995) favored coding the data and identifying the issues more clearly at the analysis stage. Eisner and Peshkin (1990) placed a high priority on direct interpretation of events, and lower on interpretation of measurement data, which is another viable alternative to be considered.