The Evolutionary Theory Of Children - 1126 Words

Agree Although, researchers demonstrated most babies turn out to be attached by the second half of their first year of life. It is amazing that the environment and bond can be different with each child. Some infants are calm and protected by their mother, and some seem uneasy and uncertain. I would concur with the author s idea of ethological-evolutionary theory. The attachment is the strong emotional bond that develops between infant and mother, providing the infant with emotional security (Berk, 2014). The reciprocal action that infants sometime have is attachment behavior and exploratory behavior in the Strange Situation with caregivers. An attachment may be identified as a feeling that bonds a person or animal forms between self and other beasts. While, Ethology has to do with the familiarize yourself, survival, behavior and its evolutionary history. Agreeing with the ethologist assessment, which babies are physically motivated to participate actively to form a bond with their mother and improves the infant s genes to live. In view of the fact that ethologists believe that infant’s behaviors base in relationships of real life skills. Researchers want to learn about the organism and environment structure, which consist of physical, social, and cultural views (Hinde, 1989). In addition, Ethology calls attention to the genetic and physical foundation of development, and learning is significant because it influences flexibility and adjust behavior. The Strange SituationShow MoreRelatedDispositional, Evolutionary And Evolutionary Theory1283 Words   |  6 PagesDispositional, and Evolutionary Theory Nicholas DeRico PSY/405 August 24, 2015 Dispositional, Biological and Evolutionary Theory Abstract There are many theories that attempt to clarify the structures that influence personality, for example dispositional, and Evolutionary theory. This paper will discuss the differences that are among dispositional and evolutionary personality theories, as well as, strengths and limitations of dispositional and evolutionary and biological personality theories their bearingRead MoreEvolutionary, Cognitive, And Psychodynamic947 Words   |  4 PagesEdition). In reading the chapter I found three theories very interesting evolutionary, cognitive, and psychodynamic. The reason I find evolutionary perspective because I feel as though this perspective or theory is the base of study. When we are born we have genetic make-up for two people with two family trees. The blending is sometimes a hard transition. We all have been around child and seen their parents’ characteristics in the child. Evolutionary perspective attributes to the genetic inheritanceRead MoreThe Theory And Its Effect On Sleep933 Words   |  4 PagesWhile the primary function of dreaming, much like the primary function of sleep, remains ambiguous; a number of theories and empirical studies have proposed secondary functions relevant to waking life. The threat simulation theory, for example, postulates that dreaming serves an evolutionary function, thought to have heightened survival and reproductive success in the Pleistocene era. The theory purports that dreaming allows for an endogenous simulation of potential threats, which rehearses the cognitiveRead MoreThe Biosocial Explanation Of Gender Development1317 Words   |  6 Pagesperceived biological make-up can affect social environment as a result of actions of others to them. However stern karraker (1989) found true characteristics of the baby were more influential than gender label. Whereas, Schaffer (2004) found that children more prone to this labelling than adults. Furthermore ME studied 10 people with testicular feminising syndrome. These people they found showed strong preferences for female role, which also support the view that Sex of rearing is more importantRead MoreEvolutionary Psychology : The Brain, Immune System, And Genetics894 Words   |  4 Pageswhen put within these situations. Evolutionary Psychology is of humans when they experience a changing environment and look for differences within their behaviours, their cognition and also their brain structure. They use observations to gain knowledge about how it affects people within the changes. Evolutionary psychology was based on the roots of Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection but it has been massively influenced by other fields such as, evolutionary biology, genetics, ethology andRead MoreSocial Psychology : An Uphill Battle Against Behaviorism1536 Words   |  7 Pagescognition). Following these themes and directions, a constructive means of evaluating what social psychology is (as a field, and as a body of theories, methods, and thought) and what it will become in the future is through its crucial role in responding to current issues impinging in our social lives and reality. It bears repeating that Kurt Lewin found that the best theories are the practical ones, where researchers take their findings and knowledge to make sense of and make a difference in the real worldRead MoreGould and Lewontins Essay The Spandrels of San Marco1052 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs rather than the perpetual, and actual scientific theories. Gould and Lewontins essay The Spandrels of San Marco is about an adaptationist programme and how it has taken over evolutionary belief in England and the United States during the past forty years. The people believe in the power of natural selection as a key mechanism of evolution. The writers don’t see eye to eye with this thought and are trying to reassert a competing theory that organisms must be seen as integrated wholes. GouldRead MoreAttachment : A Deep And Enduring Emotional Bond1313 Words   |  6 Pagesdeprivation theory and Schaffer Emerson’s 1964 â€Å" Glasgow babies† study. There are two approaches to attachment; evolutionary theory and behavioural theory, and for the purposes of this essay I will focus largely on the evolutionary school of thought. Attachments are intrinsic to a child’s development both in the short term and for the duration of their lives. Infants have an innate need to develop an attachment with their mother to ensure their survival and are equipped with evolutionary characteristicsRead MoreThe Roles of Men and Women in a Society967 Words   |  4 Pagesgenders. Natalie Angier born and raised in New York writes â€Å"Men, Women, Sex and Darwin† an essay about evolutionary psychology and the misleading perceptions it has women. She focuses on five topics that the theory argues proving them wrong, and using them for support. The first area the theory introduces â€Å"men are more promiscuous and less sexually reserved than women are† (30). Evolutionary psychology proposes that men are always after sex. They explicitly say men hold a special force attractingRead Moreneurophysiological theory Essay examples937 Words   |  4 Pages Neurophysiological and Evolutionary Theories Paper For one who may be interested in the neurophysiological or evolutionary theories of psychology, one need not look any further than Donald Olding Hebb who has been described as the father of neuropsychology and Robert C. Bolles who did most of his work in experimental psychology. Hebb is best known for his theory of Hebbian Learning which was introduced in his 1949 work:

Witch s Reveal Band Of Heroes - 1494 Words

Witch’s Reveal Band of Heroes Scene: Boom! Crash! A lightning flash, was all that was heard as the scorched earth stood still and the group of Heroes were cast from the dark, dense, dull forest into a secluded canyon of sandstone. Thud! Thud! Thud! Prologue: Argh! Was all that was heard as the first hero slowly got up and carried himself over to the other half-conscious members of his group. Softly he shook his compatriots who both arguably refused to respond. Slap! The noise of his hand hitting across skin echoed throughout the canyon. Abruptly both compatriots with matching marks across their face rose up. Hero 1: Good evening, Edgar and Antonio. Edgar: As to you, Cato, now would you mind telling me, why I happen to have a mark†¦show more content†¦Cato: Ha, hags, they art just villainous hell-hat d clack-dish. Antonio: Quiet they may beest listening. Edgar: Aye, because they art just so interest d in a few nay magics lifes. Cato: Oh aye thou art so right Edgar. Antonio: Alas of both of thee, dont scream at which hour the hags cometh f r thee. Cato Edgar: Tis, we will. Time lapse from mid morning to sunset. Antonio: Soon twill beest twilight so let us stand ho and setteth up camp. Cato: i shall setteth off on a short hunt one hour at most cometh behold if t be true im not back. Edgar: Aye,well enow we shall, in the cullionly time i shall setteth fire and findeth some ferns and berries. Edgar: can thee holp me Antonio after thou art done gathering water fresh from the storm. Antonio: Certainly. Switch of Pov. As soon as Cato he saw a herd of wild buffalo, that were perhaps out to drink the water left from the storm he thought it was a definite win. the only problem was capturing one as he only had a short copper dagger and a short supply of arrows. Either way he got out his bow and started aiming. As Cato focused his aim on a buffalo by the edge of a river, and was about to release his arrow he felt a sudden chill of air which made him accidently shoot the arrow into the water alarming the buffalo and in a few seconds caused it to run which attracted the attention of the other buffalos which began to run as well until none were left. Cato let down by his false hopeShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer5112 Words   |  21 Pagesdo the childish things he wouldve earlier and he does things for other people instead of just for himself. The setting of the story takes place in the city of St. Petersburg, Missouri, and Im guessing the time of the story is back in the late 1800s. Chapter 1 At the very beginning of the book, Aunt Polly (Tom Sawyers aunt), is searching for him high and low. I think this is a great way to start off the book because it already shows Toms criminal personality and you can already get theRead MoreLena Horne9265 Words   |  38 Pagesfrom her husband (they were formally divorced in June 1944) and moved to New York to restart her career. In December, she accepted an offer to join the orchestra of white bandleader Charlie Barnet, one of the few instances of integration among swing bands at the time. She made a handful of recordings with Barnet in January 1941 that were released on RCA Victors discount label Bluebird Records. After only a few months, however, the difficulties of encountering racial discrimination while touring andRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 PagesThomas was horrified at what this person was doing. He was killing himself! Thomas finally gathered enough of his mentality back to really notice what w as wrong with this person. His skin was grey and bluish in different areas on the skin. It peeled to reveal fatty pus and rotten muscle tissue. The strangers eyes were faded to white like he had no soul. It was at that point Thomas put together everything that has happened, and what is wrong with this person. A... a zombie? Thomas choked. No... OhRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesaccepting inconsistencies; they are a sign of error. We made use of this logical-reasoning principle when we noticed that Juanitas advice to end the camping trip was inconsistent with Emilios advice to continue it. Detecting an inconsistency doesnt reveal where the fault lies, but it does tell us that a fault is present. If some man says the surface of Neptune on average is colder than 200 degrees below zero, and his sister says that its not nearly that cold, one of the two must be wrong about the

Facility Location Essay Sample free essay sample

When Arvind arrived at his office on Monday. July 1. 2009. to reexamine end-of-year gross revenues. several affairs commanded his attending. The most pressing was that gross revenues of his Toy Company were turning more than anticipated and it had already stretched his production capacity. To run into farther gross revenues growing projections. he needed to make up ones mind on an option. His company was founded in 1980 with a mission to â€Å"reach children’s imaginativeness and convey out their creativeness. † He called these playthings as â€Å"Learning Toys. † The keys to success in this market were continual development of advanced merchandises and a high degree of merchandise quality. Toys needed to be originative or lasting. available to consumers easy and on clip. New playthings were to be introduced in the spring plaything show. so that orders could be fulfilled by Christmas. The capacity determination had to be made shortly so that following spring’s production demand could be met. We will write a custom essay sample on Facility Location Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Arvind. sing that nature of his determination. requested his selling manager. to come up with gross revenues projections for the following four old ages. The Projections showed that the gross revenues addition were attributed to the followers: †¢ Baby boomers making pre-school and simple school. †¢ Growth of international markets @ 2. 5 % per twelvemonth. †¢ The largest scope was patterned after robotic sketch characters and was demoing strong gross revenues or gross revenues possible. Options: 1. Arvind’s first option was to spread out bing installations. However. even if infinite was available. adding to the installation would set a strain on the already thin direction. 2. The procedure was labour intensive. with fictile parts modeling being the merely skilled places. The procedure consisted of moulded parts being assembled into kits and packaged for cargo. This rendered the procedure easy replicable. The operating cost dislocation across three plaything lines was estimated to be 30 % Materials 20 % Overheads30 % Labor20 % Transportation and distributionThe natural stuffs were non a job at any location. This made it possible for Arvind to see an alternate location. Ten and Y. Ten was merely across the boundary line but recent regional integrating understanding had resulted in decrease of trade barriers. The labour costs were low and if skilled labour was non available transportation of parts from the original works could be done. Yttrium was to be located in Europe which was one to two old ages behind the place state. This was due to miss of telecasting programming aiming kids. A plastic modeling company was looking for a purchaser. but labour costs would be equal comparable to home state and transit costs would increase by 0 to 15 per centum on history of playthings being shipped back. However. the entry ensured European Union as a market leting free motion of factors of production and attractive fiscal inducements. Discussion Questions: 1. How would the company be affected by spread outing to multisite operations? 2. In doing your location determination. what factors would you see to be dominant and which would you see secondary? 3. Make competitory precedences play any function in location determination?

Role of Youth in Eradicating Corruption Essay Example

Role of Youth in Eradicating Corruption Essay Laser and its medical applications Presented by S. vignesh J. sabastian The Advent of the Laser Scalpel Early experimenters with medical lasers pointed out that there are surgical operations that are difficult to perform with the conventional scalpel and that a laser beam might be used instead. Initial trials showed that a finely focused beam from a carbon dioxide gas laser could cut through human tissue easily and neatly. The surgeon could direct the beam from any angle by using a mirror mounted on a movable metal arm. Several advantages of laser surgery quickly became apparent. First, the light beam is consistent, which means that it gives off the same amount of energy from In this photo taken during open-heart surgery, a doctor uses a laser probe to punch small holes in the patients heart muscle to increase the organs blood flow. one second to the next. So as long as the beam is moving along, the cut it makes (the incision) does not vary in depth; whereas when using a scalpel a doctor can accidentally make part of the incision too deep. A second advantage of the surgical laser is that the hot beam cauterizes, or seals off, the open blood vessels as it moves along. This works well mainly for small vessels, such as those in the skin. The doctor still has to seal off the larger blood vessels using conventional methods. ) Still another advantage is that the cells in human tissue do not conduct heat very well, so the skin or any other tissue near the laser incision does not get very hot and is not affected by the beam. This advantage of laser surgery is very he lpful when a doctor must operate on a tiny area that is surrounded by healthy tissue or organs. It should be pointed out that the laser scalpel is not necessarily the best tool to use in every operation. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Youth in Eradicating Corruption specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Youth in Eradicating Corruption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Youth in Eradicating Corruption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Some doctors feel that while the laser is useful in some situations, it will never totally replace the scalpel. Others are more optimistic and see a day when more advanced lasers will make the scalpel a thing of the past. The second of these views may prove to be the most accurate, for surgical use of lasers is rapidly advancing. At first, lasers were considered most effective in operating on areas that are easy to reach—areas on the bodys exterior, including the skin, mouth, nose, ears, and eyes. But in recent years doctors have demonstrated remarkable progress in developing laser techniques for use in internal exploration and surgery. Of course, in order to be able to direct the laser beam the doctor must be able to see inside the body. In some cases this is a simple matter of making an incision and opening up the area to be operated on. But there are situations in which this step can be avoided. Cleaning Arteries with Light For instance, lasers are increasingly used to clean plaque from peoples arteries. Plaque is a tough fatty substance that can build up on the inside walls of the arteries. Eventually the vessels can get so clogged that blood does not flow normally, and the result can be a heart attack or stroke, both of which are serious and sometimes fatal. The traditional method for removing the plaque involves opening the chest and making several incisions, a long and sometimes risky operation. It is also expensive and requires weeks for recovery. An effective alternative is to use a laser beam to burn away the plaque. The key to making this work is the doctors ability to see inside the artery and direct the beam, another area in which fiber optics and lasers are combined into a modern wonder tool. An optic fiber that has been connected to a tiny television camera can be inserted into an artery. These elements now become a miniature sensor that allows the doctor and nurses to see inside the artery while a second fiber is inserted to carry the bursts of light that will burn away the plaque. The technique works in the following way. The fiber-optic array is inserted into a blood vessel in an arm or leg and moved slowly into the area of the heart and blocked arteries. When the array is in place the laser is fired and the plaque destroyed, and then the exhaust vapors are sucked back through a tiny hollow tube that is inserted along with the optical fibers. When the artery has been cleaned out the doctor removes the fibers and tube, and the operation is finished. This medical process is known as laser angioplasty. It has several obvious advantages. First, no incision is needed (except for the small one in the vessel to insert the fibers). There is also little or no bleeding, and the patient can enjoy total recovery in a day or two. Laser angioplasty does have some potential risks that must be considered. First, when the laser beam fires at the plaque it must be aimed very carefully ecause a slight miss could cut through the wall of the artery and cause serious bleeding. The patients chest would then have to be opened up after all. Another problem involves small pieces of burnt debris from the Surgeons use a tiny laser to cut away tissue in a gallbladder operation. The laser and a tiny camera are inserted into the navel, so no abdominal incision is necessary. . Lasers Heal and Reshape the Eyes Some of the most remarkable breakthroughs fo r medical lasers have been in the area of ophthalmology, the study of the structure and diseases of the eye. One reason that laser beams are so useful in treating the eye is that the cornea, the coating that covers the eyeball and admits light into the interior of the eye, is transparent. Since it is designed to admit ordinary light, the cornea lets in laser light just as well and remains unaffected by the beam. First, the laser is very useful in removing extraneous blood vessels that can form on the retina—the thin, light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eyeball. It is on the retina that the images of the things the eye sees are formed. Damage to the retina can sometimes cause blindness. The laser most often used in the treatment of this condition is powered by a medium of argon gas. The doctor aims the beam through the cornea and burns away the tangle of blood vessels covering the retina. The procedure takes only a few minutes and can be done in the doctors office. The laser can also repair a detached retina—one that has broken loose from the rear part of the eyeball. Before the advent of lasers detached retinas had to be repaired by hand, and because the retina is so delicate this was a very difficult operation to perform. Using the argon laser, the doctor can actually weld the torn retina back in place. It is perhaps a strange coincidence that Gordon Gould, one of the original inventors of the laser, later had one of his own retinas repaired this way. Another condition that affects the eye is glaucoma, which is characterized by the buildup of fluid in the eye. Normally the eyes natural fluids drain away a little at a time, and the eye stays healthy. In eyes impaired with glaucoma the fluid does not drain properly, and the buildup affects vision; blindness can sometimes result. In some cases drugs can be used to treat glaucoma. If the drugs fail, however, many doctors now turn to the laser to avoid onventional surgery. The laser punches a hole in a preplanned spot and the fluid drains out through the hole. Again, the treatment can be performed in a doctors office instead of a hospital. Using Lasers for Eye Surgery The laser works like a sewing machine to repair a detached retina, the membrane that lines the interior of the eye. The laser beam is adjusted so that it can pass harmlessl y through the lens and focus on tiny spots around the damaged area of the retina. When it is focused, the beam has the intensity to weld or seal the detached area of the retina back against the wall of the eyeball. The patients eyeglass prescription is literally carved inside the cornea with the beam of an excimer laser [a laser device that produces pulses of ultraviolet, or UV, light]. A small flap of the cornea is first removed with a precision knife . . . and an A patient undergoes eye surgery performed by a laser beam. In addition to treating detached retinas, lasers can remove cataracts. inner portion of the cornea is exposed to the excimer laser. After the prescription is carved, the corneal flap that was opened is then put back into place over the ablated [surgically altered] cornea. 6 LASIK does not come without risks. The changes it makes in the cornea are permanent, and the danger of unexpected damage is ever present. However, the procedure has become increasingly popular each year; about a million Americans had it done in the year 2000, and about four thousand surgeons in the United States were trained to perform it. Some Cosmetic Uses of Lasers Medical lasers are also widely used for various types of cosmetic surgery, including the removal of certain kinds of birthmarks. Port-wine stains, reddish purple skin blotches that appear on about three out of every one thousand children, are an example. Such stains can mark any part of the body but are most commonly found on the face and neck. The medical laser is able to remove a port-wine stain for the same reason that a military laser is able to flash a message to a submerged submarine. Both lasers take advantage of the monochromatic quality of laser light, that is, its ability to shine in one specific color. The stain is made up of thousands of tiny malformed blood vessels that have a definite reddish purple color. This color very strongly absorbs a certain shade of green light. In fact, that is why the stain looks red. It absorbs the green and other colors in white light but reflects the red back to peoples eyes. To treat the stain, the doctor runs a wide low-power beam of green light across the discolored area. The mass of blood vessels in the stain absorbs the energetic laser light and becomes so hot that it is actually burned away. The surrounding skin is a different color than the stain, so that skin absorbs only small amounts of the beam and remains unburned. (Of course, the burned A doctor uses an argon laser to remove a port-wine stain, a kind of birthmark. Unwanted tissue is burned away while normal skin remains undamaged. areas must heal, and during this process some minor scarring sometimes occurs. ) Laser-Assisted Dentistry Dentistry is another branch of medicine that has benefited tremendously from laser technology. Indeed, lasers have made some people stop dreading a visit to the dentist. No one enjoys having a cavity drilled, of course. It usually requires an anesthetic (a painkiller like novocaine) that causes uncomfortable numbness in the mouth; also, the sound of the drill can be irritating or even sickening to some people. Many dentists now employ an Nd-YAG laser (which uses a crystal for its lasing medium) instead of a drill for most cavities. The laser treatment takes advantage of the simple fact that the material that forms in a cavity is much softer than the enamel (the hard part of a tooth). The laser is set at a power that is just strong enough to eliminate the decayed tissue but not strong enough to harm the enamel. When treating a very deep cavity bleeding sometimes occurs, and the laser beam often seals off blood vessels and stops the bleeding. The most often asked question about treating cavities with lasers is: Does it hurt? The answer is no. Each burst of laser light from a dental laser lasts only thirty-trillionths of a second, much faster than the amount of time a nerve takes to trigger pain. In other words, the beam would have to last 100 million times longer in order to cause any discomfort. So this sort of treatment requires no anesthetic. Advantages of Lasers for Dental Surgery In this excerpt from an article in The Dental Clinics of North America Robert A. Strauss of the Medical College of Virginia mentions some of the advantages of using lasers for oral surgery. Decreased post-operative swelling is characteristic of laser use [for oral surgery]. Decreased swelling allows for increased safety when performing surgery within the airway [the mouth] . . . and increases the range of surgery that oral surgeons can perform safely without fear of airway compromise. This effect allows the surgeon to perform many procedures in an office or outpatient facility that previously would have required hospitalization. . . . Tissue healing and scarring are also improved with the use of the laser. . . . Laser wounds generally heal with minimal scar formation and . . . often can be left unsutured [without stitches], another distinct advantage. Thus the role of laser in medical field is most predominant. Role of Youth in Eradicating Corruption Essay Example Role of Youth in Eradicating Corruption Essay Laser and its medical applications Presented by S. vignesh J. sabastian The Advent of the Laser Scalpel Early experimenters with medical lasers pointed out that there are surgical operations that are difficult to perform with the conventional scalpel and that a laser beam might be used instead. Initial trials showed that a finely focused beam from a carbon dioxide gas laser could cut through human tissue easily and neatly. The surgeon could direct the beam from any angle by using a mirror mounted on a movable metal arm. Several advantages of laser surgery quickly became apparent. First, the light beam is consistent, which means that it gives off the same amount of energy from In this photo taken during open-heart surgery, a doctor uses a laser probe to punch small holes in the patients heart muscle to increase the organs blood flow. one second to the next. So as long as the beam is moving along, the cut it makes (the incision) does not vary in depth; whereas when using a scalpel a doctor can accidentally make part of the incision too deep. A second advantage of the surgical laser is that the hot beam cauterizes, or seals off, the open blood vessels as it moves along. This works well mainly for small vessels, such as those in the skin. The doctor still has to seal off the larger blood vessels using conventional methods. ) Still another advantage is that the cells in human tissue do not conduct heat very well, so the skin or any other tissue near the laser incision does not get very hot and is not affected by the beam. This advantage of laser surgery is very he lpful when a doctor must operate on a tiny area that is surrounded by healthy tissue or organs. It should be pointed out that the laser scalpel is not necessarily the best tool to use in every operation. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Youth in Eradicating Corruption specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Youth in Eradicating Corruption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Youth in Eradicating Corruption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Some doctors feel that while the laser is useful in some situations, it will never totally replace the scalpel. Others are more optimistic and see a day when more advanced lasers will make the scalpel a thing of the past. The second of these views may prove to be the most accurate, for surgical use of lasers is rapidly advancing. At first, lasers were considered most effective in operating on areas that are easy to reach—areas on the bodys exterior, including the skin, mouth, nose, ears, and eyes. But in recent years doctors have demonstrated remarkable progress in developing laser techniques for use in internal exploration and surgery. Of course, in order to be able to direct the laser beam the doctor must be able to see inside the body. In some cases this is a simple matter of making an incision and opening up the area to be operated on. But there are situations in which this step can be avoided. Cleaning Arteries with Light For instance, lasers are increasingly used to clean plaque from peoples arteries. Plaque is a tough fatty substance that can build up on the inside walls of the arteries. Eventually the vessels can get so clogged that blood does not flow normally, and the result can be a heart attack or stroke, both of which are serious and sometimes fatal. The traditional method for removing the plaque involves opening the chest and making several incisions, a long and sometimes risky operation. It is also expensive and requires weeks for recovery. An effective alternative is to use a laser beam to burn away the plaque. The key to making this work is the doctors ability to see inside the artery and direct the beam, another area in which fiber optics and lasers are combined into a modern wonder tool. An optic fiber that has been connected to a tiny television camera can be inserted into an artery. These elements now become a miniature sensor that allows the doctor and nurses to see inside the artery while a second fiber is inserted to carry the bursts of light that will burn away the plaque. The technique works in the following way. The fiber-optic array is inserted into a blood vessel in an arm or leg and moved slowly into the area of the heart and blocked arteries. When the array is in place the laser is fired and the plaque destroyed, and then the exhaust vapors are sucked back through a tiny hollow tube that is inserted along with the optical fibers. When the artery has been cleaned out the doctor removes the fibers and tube, and the operation is finished. This medical process is known as laser angioplasty. It has several obvious advantages. First, no incision is needed (except for the small one in the vessel to insert the fibers). There is also little or no bleeding, and the patient can enjoy total recovery in a day or two. Laser angioplasty does have some potential risks that must be considered. First, when the laser beam fires at the plaque it must be aimed very carefully ecause a slight miss could cut through the wall of the artery and cause serious bleeding. The patients chest would then have to be opened up after all. Another problem involves small pieces of burnt debris from the Surgeons use a tiny laser to cut away tissue in a gallbladder operation. The laser and a tiny camera are inserted into the navel, so no abdominal incision is necessary. . Lasers Heal and Reshape the Eyes Some of the most remarkable breakthroughs fo r medical lasers have been in the area of ophthalmology, the study of the structure and diseases of the eye. One reason that laser beams are so useful in treating the eye is that the cornea, the coating that covers the eyeball and admits light into the interior of the eye, is transparent. Since it is designed to admit ordinary light, the cornea lets in laser light just as well and remains unaffected by the beam. First, the laser is very useful in removing extraneous blood vessels that can form on the retina—the thin, light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eyeball. It is on the retina that the images of the things the eye sees are formed. Damage to the retina can sometimes cause blindness. The laser most often used in the treatment of this condition is powered by a medium of argon gas. The doctor aims the beam through the cornea and burns away the tangle of blood vessels covering the retina. The procedure takes only a few minutes and can be done in the doctors office. The laser can also repair a detached retina—one that has broken loose from the rear part of the eyeball. Before the advent of lasers detached retinas had to be repaired by hand, and because the retina is so delicate this was a very difficult operation to perform. Using the argon laser, the doctor can actually weld the torn retina back in place. It is perhaps a strange coincidence that Gordon Gould, one of the original inventors of the laser, later had one of his own retinas repaired this way. Another condition that affects the eye is glaucoma, which is characterized by the buildup of fluid in the eye. Normally the eyes natural fluids drain away a little at a time, and the eye stays healthy. In eyes impaired with glaucoma the fluid does not drain properly, and the buildup affects vision; blindness can sometimes result. In some cases drugs can be used to treat glaucoma. If the drugs fail, however, many doctors now turn to the laser to avoid onventional surgery. The laser punches a hole in a preplanned spot and the fluid drains out through the hole. Again, the treatment can be performed in a doctors office instead of a hospital. Using Lasers for Eye Surgery The laser works like a sewing machine to repair a detached retina, the membrane that lines the interior of the eye. The laser beam is adjusted so that it can pass harmlessl y through the lens and focus on tiny spots around the damaged area of the retina. When it is focused, the beam has the intensity to weld or seal the detached area of the retina back against the wall of the eyeball. The patients eyeglass prescription is literally carved inside the cornea with the beam of an excimer laser [a laser device that produces pulses of ultraviolet, or UV, light]. A small flap of the cornea is first removed with a precision knife . . . and an A patient undergoes eye surgery performed by a laser beam. In addition to treating detached retinas, lasers can remove cataracts. inner portion of the cornea is exposed to the excimer laser. After the prescription is carved, the corneal flap that was opened is then put back into place over the ablated [surgically altered] cornea. 6 LASIK does not come without risks. The changes it makes in the cornea are permanent, and the danger of unexpected damage is ever present. However, the procedure has become increasingly popular each year; about a million Americans had it done in the year 2000, and about four thousand surgeons in the United States were trained to perform it. Some Cosmetic Uses of Lasers Medical lasers are also widely used for various types of cosmetic surgery, including the removal of certain kinds of birthmarks. Port-wine stains, reddish purple skin blotches that appear on about three out of every one thousand children, are an example. Such stains can mark any part of the body but are most commonly found on the face and neck. The medical laser is able to remove a port-wine stain for the same reason that a military laser is able to flash a message to a submerged submarine. Both lasers take advantage of the monochromatic quality of laser light, that is, its ability to shine in one specific color. The stain is made up of thousands of tiny malformed blood vessels that have a definite reddish purple color. This color very strongly absorbs a certain shade of green light. In fact, that is why the stain looks red. It absorbs the green and other colors in white light but reflects the red back to peoples eyes. To treat the stain, the doctor runs a wide low-power beam of green light across the discolored area. The mass of blood vessels in the stain absorbs the energetic laser light and becomes so hot that it is actually burned away. The surrounding skin is a different color than the stain, so that skin absorbs only small amounts of the beam and remains unburned. (Of course, the burned A doctor uses an argon laser to remove a port-wine stain, a kind of birthmark. Unwanted tissue is burned away while normal skin remains undamaged. areas must heal, and during this process some minor scarring sometimes occurs. ) Laser-Assisted Dentistry Dentistry is another branch of medicine that has benefited tremendously from laser technology. Indeed, lasers have made some people stop dreading a visit to the dentist. No one enjoys having a cavity drilled, of course. It usually requires an anesthetic (a painkiller like novocaine) that causes uncomfortable numbness in the mouth; also, the sound of the drill can be irritating or even sickening to some people. Many dentists now employ an Nd-YAG laser (which uses a crystal for its lasing medium) instead of a drill for most cavities. The laser treatment takes advantage of the simple fact that the material that forms in a cavity is much softer than the enamel (the hard part of a tooth). The laser is set at a power that is just strong enough to eliminate the decayed tissue but not strong enough to harm the enamel. When treating a very deep cavity bleeding sometimes occurs, and the laser beam often seals off blood vessels and stops the bleeding. The most often asked question about treating cavities with lasers is: Does it hurt? The answer is no. Each burst of laser light from a dental laser lasts only thirty-trillionths of a second, much faster than the amount of time a nerve takes to trigger pain. In other words, the beam would have to last 100 million times longer in order to cause any discomfort. So this sort of treatment requires no anesthetic. Advantages of Lasers for Dental Surgery In this excerpt from an article in The Dental Clinics of North America Robert A. Strauss of the Medical College of Virginia mentions some of the advantages of using lasers for oral surgery. Decreased post-operative swelling is characteristic of laser use [for oral surgery]. Decreased swelling allows for increased safety when performing surgery within the airway [the mouth] . . . and increases the range of surgery that oral surgeons can perform safely without fear of airway compromise. This effect allows the surgeon to perform many procedures in an office or outpatient facility that previously would have required hospitalization. . . . Tissue healing and scarring are also improved with the use of the laser. . . . Laser wounds generally heal with minimal scar formation and . . . often can be left unsutured [without stitches], another distinct advantage. Thus the role of laser in medical field is most predominant.

Web Class Room Essays - Educational Psychology, Distance Education

Web Class Room How to Go From Class-Room to Web-Room as Painlessly as Possible 1.0 ABSTRACT Getting your course onto the World Wide Web (WWW) is best done using a systematic approach. There are a number of steps that need to be taken prior to starting any of the actual web work. Meetings should be held with various groups within your institution. Once the actual coursework is begun, there are some essential components and some optional components. There are specific skills and talents that you either need to acquire or you need to access. Each web-based course is unique, but they often have many components in common. Some are essential, others may be optional. Resources can be found on your campus, from the many web companies and from the web itself. 2.0 KEY WORDS World Wide Web, WWW, Distance Education, HTML, Web-Based Instruction 3.0 INTRODUCTION The number of degree credit courses available on the World Wide Web (WWW) has increased at the same astonishing rate as other activities on the WWW. There are some specific steps that can be taken that will help to transport the professor from the idea stage to the delivery of a course over the WWW. Also, just like any other educational technology, web-based instruction works better for some situations than others. Web-based instruction is useful when you want to create a virtual environment which is not easily or, perhaps, safely accessible. An example is sending learners to a virtual nuclear lab or on a "virtual tour" of the Louver in Paris. 4.0 WEB BASED INSTRUCTION Web-based instruction it allows learners to gain knowledge and skill more effectively than traditional methods. Simply transferring material such as lecture notes to the web is not using the technology to its best advantage. Lengthy text such as lecture notes are, in fact, best printed because most learners experience eye strain and sensory disinterest reading long passages of text on a screen. Some specific situations tend to lend themselves to web-based instruction. 4.1 Encouraging Communication You want to encourage communication through conferencing. Through internet conferencing learners may participate in discussions or group work with one another with or without the participation of the instructor. Role plays, simulations of historical events and debates are also examples of how learning can be facilitated through the conferencing option. 4.2 Accessing Source Documents You want learners to use "source documents" to complete assignments such as conducting an analysis or designing a project. These source documents may not be readily available to learners or perhaps, based on the assignment, will not be equally significant to all the learners. For example, you may ask learners to research and analyze issues pertaining to Canadian elections. To complete the assignment, various learners may access archived information such as newspaper and journal articles which specifically relate to their particular interest or point of view. One example is a site operated by the University of Victoria (http://web.uvic.ca/history robinson/index.html) which contains letters, maps, biographies and newspaper articles about the murder of William Robinson committed on Saltspring Island in 1868. The information at the site allows learners and the public to pursue their research as they please and to access original documents which are not generally available. Individuals are free to interpret the meaning of the documents and reach their own conclusions. 4.3 Flexibility of Learning You want to provide maximum flexibility to allow learners to undertake learning and research in the order which best suits them. Because the web allows learners to "move around" at will, they do not need to follow a structured hierarchy. Generally learners need and want some direction but the web allows a more flexible approach. 4.4 Further Study You want learners to pool data and/or analysis to find patterns and trends or to undertake further study. 5.0 ASSUMPTIONS For a starting point and to keep us on track in this paper, I will discuss degree credit courses delivered by the University of New Brunswick. I will assume that for your case there is ready WWW web access for the professor as well as web access for students. Again, for consistency, I expect my students to have at least Netscape 3 (or its equivalent), their own internet service provider (ISP), and the skills necessary to access the WWW. These are my starting points - but most concepts discussed will transfer across institutional lines. 6.0 BEFORE YOU START YOUR COMPUTER 6.1 Steps to Take There a number of things that you should do before you begin to do any coding, contracting or late night computer hacking. There are meetings to setup, there is paper

Lois Duncan essays

Lois Duncan essays Lois Duncan is the author of over 40 books, ranging from children's picture books to adult novels, but she is best known for her young adult suspense novels such as Killing Mr. Griffen and her newest book Gallows Hill. Many of these have been chosen as ALA "Best Books for Young Adults" and Jr. Library Guild Selections, and they have won Young Readers Awards in 16 states and three foreign countries. In 1992, Duncan had recieved the Margaret A. Edwards Award, presented by the School Library Journal and the Young Adult Library Services Association, to honor a living author for a distinguished body of adolescent literature. Lois Duncan grew up in Sarasota, Florida. From early childhood, she knew she wanted to be a writer. At the age of ten she submitted her first story to a magazine and at thirteen she made her first sale. Throughout her high school years she wrote regularly for young people's publications, mostly Seventeen Magazine. In 1962, Lois Duncan taught for the Journalism Department at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico. She also continued writing for different magazines. Over 300 of her articles and short stories appeared in magazines such as Ladies Home Journal, McCalls, Redbook, Good Housekeeping, and Readers Digest. Also, for a number of years she was a contributing editor for Womens Day magazine. Who Killed My Daughter? is the most difficult book Lois Duncan ever had to write. It is the true story of her search to find the truth behind the murder of her eighteen-year-old daughter, Kaitlyn, who was the youngest of her five children. The book has been featured on different TV shows such as Good Morning, America, Larry King Live, Unsolved Mysteries, and most recently, Inside Edition. The book was originally written for adults but it has been named a School Library Journal Best Book of the Year"...

Minimum Wage Laws Are Necessary To Protect The Future Of Our Labor Essay

Minimum Wage Laws Are Necessary To Protect The Future Of Our Labor Force By Providing A Livable Wage For Each Worker And Protecting Workers Fro Being Exploited By Their Employers - Essay Example Minimum wage laws are created to protect workers from being exploited, a lower minimum wage would mean those who make a little more than the minimum wage even if the wage is not enough for the worker to support themselves or their family it would mean that the worker is not eligible for any help or support from the government, it also means that those who are little above the minimum wage will have to pay normal tax rates further encumbering them while making them struggle to make ends meet (Wikipedia source,n.a) . In a recent film unveiled by Michael Moore in Cannes is his ‘Sicko’, which displayed many of the problems faced by those who are just a little bit above the minimum wage, the film depicts real people who are living on most of their paycheck but when they get sick or hurt hospitals would charge them a high sum of money because they cannot afford medical insurance. Because of this whenever any of the workers got sick they will heavily be in debt and most of the time they are unable to repay their medical debts thus furthering them into a vicious cycle until they are declared bankrupt and become homeless (Moore, 2007). From the statement above, it is clear that it should be proposed that the minimum wage rate should be increased to a level where at least those who are a bit above of the minimum wage are able to pay their taxes as well as be able to afford other things that improve a person’s quality of life, to be able to afford their medical fees, their children’s school fees, to be given paid vacations and last but not least, be able to have enough to save their money for a rainy day.